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The Dual System of Government existed in Bengal from the year 1765 to 1772. This method of administration existed because Bengal was now governed by two rulers : one was the Nawab of Bengal and the other was the English East India Company. This was an arrangement which was made by Robert Clive who was the British Governor of Bengal. The British wanted this system because it had a lot of benefits for the English East India Company. The Company now had all the power that comes with the task of ruling a province, but without any responsibility. The Company had the control over the army. They also had authority over the finances of Bengal. They also governed the province, but not directly. Instead, Bengal was directly governed by the Nawab of Bengal and his officials. Sadly enough, although the Nawab had the direct responsibility of administration, he had no financial power or resources to do so. The East India Company was the main political authority of Bengal. The Nawab had to depend on the Company for his internal and external security.
Key Features:
The English East India Company had the diwani of Bengal. In other words, the Company had the right to collect its revenue directly from the people.
The British also appointed a Deputy Nawab in Bengal. That way the Company controlled the affairs of the administration of Bengal.
The English East India Company had two branches of administration under them. The Deputy Diwan collected revenue or tax on behalf of the Company while the Deputy Nawab handled the administration of Bengal on behalf of the Nawab.
By promoting the Dual System of government, the English East India Company became the absolute rulers in Bengal.
Effects of the Dual System of Government:
The result of the dual system of government was terrible in Bengal. The welfare of the farmers was neglected both by the Company and the Nawab.
The Nawab of Bengal became so powerless that he did not have the means to protect the common people of Bengal from the greed of the English East India Company’s officials. These officials were constantly exploiting the riches and wealth of Bengal.
A famine broke out in Bengal in 1770. A third of the population of Bengal died in this famine and this situation further damaged the economy of Bengal.
Widespread corruption prevailed in the administrative matters of Bengal. The province got drained of its wealth.
Arrival of Warren Hastings & End of the Dual System of Government:
In 1772, the English East India Company appointed Warren Hastings as the Governor of Bengal. The following year, through the Regulating Act, the Company made him the Governor-General of the British territories in India.
Warren Hastings got rid of the Dual System of Government in Bengal. He brought Bengal under the direct administration of the Company.
He introduced many reforms in Bengal. The Nawab of Bengal was removed from authority completely. The Company just gave him a pension.
Warren Hastings was the man who laid the foundation of an organized method of administration in Bengal.