Скачать или смотреть LEC 19 MOLE CONCEPT || CLASS 11 || EQUIVALENT CONCEPT || CHEMISTRY BY HSM SIR

CLASS 11 MOLE CONCEPT
Equivalent Mass of Ions
The equivalent mass of an ion is the mass of the ion that carries 1 mole of electric charge.

Calculation
Equivalent mass of ion = Molar mass of ion / Charge on ion

Examples
1. Na+: Equivalent mass = Molar mass / 1 = 23 g/mol
2. Ca2+: Equivalent mass = Molar mass / 2 = 40 g/mol / 2 = 20 g/mol
3. Al3+: Equivalent mass = Molar mass / 3 = 27 g/mol / 3 = 9 g/mol

Importance
1. Electrochemistry: Equivalent mass is used in electrochemistry to calculate the amount of ions involved in electrochemical reactions.
2. Quantitative analysis: Equivalent mass is used in quantitative analysis to determine the amount of ions in a sample.

Applications
1. Electrolysis: Equivalent mass is used to calculate the amount of ions required for electrolysis.
2. Analytical chemistry: Equivalent mass is used in analytical chemistry to determine the concentration of ions.

In conclusion, the equivalent mass of an ion is a fundamental concept in chemistry that helps in understanding the behavior of ions in various chemical reactions.
Equivalent Mass of Redox Reactions
The equivalent mass of a substance in a redox reaction is the mass of the substance that gains or loses 1 mole of electrons.

Calculation
Equivalent mass = Molar mass / Number of electrons transferred

Examples
1. KMnO4 (Permanganate): Equivalent mass = Molar mass / 5 = 158 g/mol / 5 = 31.6 g/mol
2. K2Cr2O7 (Dichromate): Equivalent mass = Molar mass / 6 = 294 g/mol / 6 = 49 g/mol

Importance
1. Redox reactions: Equivalent mass is used to calculate the amount of oxidizing or reducing agent required.
2. Quantitative analysis: Equivalent mass is used in quantitative analysis to determine the amount of substance in a sample.

Applications
1. Titration: Equivalent mass is used in titration to determine the concentration of a substance.
2. Redox stoichiometry: Equivalent mass is used to calculate the stoichiometry of redox reactions.

In conclusion, the equivalent mass of a substance in a redox reaction is a fundamental concept in chemistry that helps in understanding the stoichiometry of redox reactions.
Equivalent Mass of Neutralization Reactions
The equivalent mass of a substance in a neutralization reaction is the mass of the substance that donates or accepts 1 mole of H+ ions.

Calculation
Equivalent mass = Molar mass / Number of H+ ions donated or accepted

Examples
1. HCl (Hydrochloric acid): Equivalent mass = Molar mass / 1 = 36.5 g/mol
2. H2SO4 (Sulfuric acid): Equivalent mass = Molar mass / 2 = 98 g/mol / 2 = 49 g/mol
3. NaOH (Sodium hydroxide): Equivalent mass = Molar mass / 1 = 40 g/mol

Importance
1. Neutralization reactions: Equivalent mass is used to calculate the amount of acid or base required for neutralization.
2. Quantitative analysis: Equivalent mass is used in quantitative analysis to determine the amount of substance in a sample.

Applications
1. Titration: Equivalent mass is used in titration to determine the concentration of a substance.
2. Acid-base stoichiometry: Equivalent mass is used to calculate the stoichiometry of acid-base reactions.

In conclusion, the equivalent mass of a substance in a neutralization reaction is a fundamental concept in chemistry that helps in understanding the stoichiometry of acid-base reactions.
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