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A loudspeaker crossover is a crucial part of any multi-driver speaker system. Its purpose is to divide the full-range audio signal into separate frequency bands and route them to the appropriate drivers—typically woofers, midranges, and tweeters.

Types of Crossovers
Passive Crossover

Located after the power amplifier

Uses passive components: capacitors, inductors, resistors

Does not require external power

Common in passive speaker systems

Active Crossover

Located before the power amplifier

Requires external power supply

Offers adjustable crossover points, slopes, and gain control

Common in active speaker systems and pro audio

Crossover Components
Capacitors: Pass high frequencies, block lows (used for tweeters)

Inductors: Pass low frequencies, block highs (used for woofers)

Resistors: Shape frequency response and adjust driver level

Typical Crossover Frequencies
Tweeter to midrange: 2 kHz to 3.5 kHz

Midrange to woofer: 300 Hz to 800 Hz

Subwoofer crossover: 80 Hz to 120 Hz

Crossover Slopes
Slopes determine how quickly frequencies are attenuated outside the target band

Common slopes: 6 dB/octave, 12 dB/octave, 24 dB/octave

Steeper slopes offer better separation but may require phase alignment

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