How an unlikely physics paradox controls these counterintuitive structures. Sponsored by Incogni - Use code veritasium at https://incogni.com/veritasium to get an exclusive 60% off.
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV
Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter
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A huge thank you to Paul Ducarme and Bas Overvelde at AMOLF for showing us around.
Check out their research on counter-snapping structures here - https://ve42.co/CounterSnapping
For more on Braess’s Paradox, check out these great videos by Up and Atom ( • Braess's Paradox - Equilibria Gone Wild ) and Steve Mould ( • The Spring Paradox )
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0:00 What happens if you cut this rope?
1:41 The Spring Paradox
4:59 New York’s Perplexing Discovery
6:29 Road Networks and Traffic Flow
8:40 Braess’s Paradox
14:29 Snapping
17:16 This object shrinks when you stretch it
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References:
Ducarme, P., Weber, B., Hecke, M. van, & Johannes. (2025). Exotic mechanical properties enabled by countersnapping instabilities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - https://ve42.co/CounterSnapping
Braess's Paradox via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/BraessWiki
Braess, D., Nagurney, A., & Wakolbinger, T. (2005). On a Paradox of Traffic Planning. Transportation Science - https://ve42.co/Braess2005
Schäfer, B., Pesch, T., Manik, D., Gollenstede, J., Lin, G., Beck, H.-P., … Timme, M. (2022). Understanding Braess’ Paradox in power grids. Nature Communications - https://ve42.co/Schafer2022
Kolata, G. (1990). What if They Closed 42d Street and Nobody Noticed? New York Times - https://ve42.co/Kolata1990
Youn, H., Gastner, M. T., & Jeong, H. (2008). Price of Anarchy in Transportation Networks: Efficiency and Optimality Control. Physical Review Letters - https://ve42.co/Youn2008
Nicolaou, Z. G., & Motter, A. E. (2012). Mechanical metamaterials with negative compressibility transitions. Nature Materials - https://ve42.co/Nicolaou2012
Counter-Snapping replication package - https://ve42.co/CSPackage
Images & Video:
Earth Day Festivities via VHS Music Rarities - • B 52s - Channel Z (Live Earthday 4/22/1990...
Earth Day Speeches - • Earth Day 1990 - Central Park, NY
1990s New York via NYC Nostalgia - • NOSTALGIA: Life in 1990s New York Was Amaz...
42nd Street Closure via Trainluvr - • Transit Day 1990 Auto-Free 42nd St
42nd Street Traffic Operator - https://ve42.co/NYCTraffic
Dietrich Braess via opc.mfo.de - https://ve42.co/BraessOPC
Dietrich Braess via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/BraessWikiPic
Belt Buckle via Mingda Hardware - https://ve42.co/BeltBuckle
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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
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Writers: Gregor Čavlović & Derek Muller
Producer & Director: Gregor Čavlović
Editors: James Stuart & Trenton Oliver
Camera Operators: Sander Mook, Dylan Meanwell, Fabio Albertelli, Casper Mebius & Gregor Čavlović
Animator: Fabio Albertelli
Illustrator: Jakub Misiek
Additional Editor: Peter Nelson & James Horsley
Researchers: Darius Garewal & Gabe Strong
Thumbnail Designers: Ren Hurley & Ben Powell
Production Team: Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain & Matthew Cavanagh
Executive Producers: Derek Muller & Casper Mebius
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5.
Music from Epidemic Sound
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