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Vedic society and later Vedic period . Vedic society evolved from a pastoral, semi-nomadic lifestyle in the Early Vedic period (c. 1500–1000 BCE) to a settled, agrarian civilization in the Later Vedic period (c. 1000–600 BCE), marked by the rise of larger kingdoms and a more complex social structure, primarily through the varna system. Key developments included the use of iron tools, expansion into the Gangetic plains, increased importance of kingship, and the codification of the four-tiered social system: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. During this time, women's status also declined, with restrictions on their public participation and education.
Society: A pastoral, semi-nomadic society where tribes were the primary unit of organization.
Economy: Based on cattle wealth, with the barter system being prevalent.
Political Structure: A tribal chief (Rajan) who was a protector and a leader, often elected by an assembly called the Samiti.
Social Structure: A more fluid social system with less rigid class divisions.
Later Vedic Period (c. 1000–600 BCE)
Society: Shift from a semi-nomadic to a settled, agrarian lifestyle centered on agriculture. The Aryan civilization expanded east into the Gangetic plains, which was the heartland of the new kingdoms.
Economy: Agriculture became the main occupation, and the use of iron tools became common, which facilitated land clearing and expansion.
Political Structure: The power of the king grew, leading to the development of larger kingdoms and more organized states. Kingship became hereditary.
Social Structure: The society became more hierarchical and stratified, with the emergence of the four-tiered varna system:
Brahmins: Priests and scholars.
Kshatriyas: Warriors and rulers.
Vaishyas: Merchants, farmers, and traders.
Shudras: Laborers and servants for the other three varnas. #upsc #uppcs #current #currentevents #cds #nda #ssc #generalstudies #history #culture #vedas #vedic society