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This presentation explores the fascinating world of Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) — a powerful evolutionary mechanism that enables microbes to rapidly acquire and exchange genetic material beyond traditional parent-offspring inheritance. Designed for advanced undergraduate or graduate-level audiences, the presentation delves into the three primary mechanisms of HGT (transformation, conjugation, and transduction), highlights the role of mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and examines the ecological, clinical, and evolutionary consequences of lateral gene exchange.

Key topics include:

Detailed molecular processes of DNA uptake and transfer

Regulatory pathways and environmental conditions influencing HGT

The role of HGT in the spread of antibiotic resistance and virulence

The impact of HGT on microbial genomic plasticity, adaptation, and the concept of the pan-genome

Current challenges and future directions in microbiology and synthetic biology