how to calculate formal charge

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The formal charge (F.C.) of an atom can be calculated based on subtracting the number of electrons in lone pairs and half the number of electons in bonds from the number of valence electrons of the neutral atom. Second row elements almost always have formal charges of +1, 0, or -1. Formal charges of -2 or +2 are exceedingly rare. This is how to calculate the formal charge of an atom.

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