Mechanisms of capillary exchange (transcytosis & bulk flow)

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■ This method of capillary exchange is mainly used to transport small amounts of large, lipid-insoluble (water soluble) molecules, such as large proteins.
■ Substances, packaged in vesicles, move through endothelial cells via endocytosis and exocytosis.

■ This method of exchange is the movement of large volumes of ions, molecules or particles between blood and interstitial fluid.
■ Bulk flow occurs when a pressure gradient pushes water and dissolved solutes out of or into the capillary.
■ The solution of substances pass across fenestrations and intercellular clefts.
■ Fenestrated capillaries allow more bulk flow.
■ Continuous capillaries with extensive tight junctions at their intercellular clefts allow little bulk flow.
■ During bulk flow, most solutes cross with water. However, formed elements in the blood (such as a red blood cell) and most proteins do not cross.