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Perturb and Observe (P&O) MPPT in MATLAB/Simulink | Step-by-Step Implementation with PV Buck Converter

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This work presents the MATLAB/Simulink implementation of the Perturb and Observe (P&O) MPPT algorithm applied to a 250 W PV array integrated with a DC–DC buck converter. The PV array parameters and converter design values are derived from ripple-based equations. The P&O algorithm dynamically adjusts the duty cycle of the converter’s MOSFET to ensure continuous tracking of the maximum power point under variable irradiance. Simulation results demonstrate that the system extracts ~250 W at 1000 W/m² and ~125 W at 500 W/m², while regulating the DC load voltage to 15 V. The study confirms that P&O is simple and efficient but exhibits oscillatory behavior around MPP, suggesting scope for hybrid or adaptive MPPT enhancements.

⚡ Specifications Table

PV Panel (250 W)

Vmpp = 30.7 V, Impp = 8.15 A

Voc = 37.3 V, Isc = 8.66 A

Buck Converter

Input: 30.7 V

Output: 15 V

Switching frequency: 10 kHz

Inductor: 4.5×10⁻⁴ H

Capacitor: 1.392×10⁻⁵ F

Load Resistance: 0.898 Ω

MPPT Control

Algorithm: Perturb & Observe (P&O)

Duty cycle step (ΔD): 0.005

Initial Duty Cycle: 0.5

PWM: 10 kHz

📊 Simulation Results (Highlights)

At 1000 W/m²: ~250 W, Vmp = 30.7 V, I ≈ 8.1 A

At 500 W/m²: ~125 W, Vmp = 30.5 V, I ≈ 4 A

DC Load Voltage: Stable at 15 V across conditions

Dynamic Response: Oscillations observed at irradiance transitions; minimized with smaller ΔD and larger filter capacitor.

THD (FFT analysis): Voltage distortion less than0.2%; current ripple higher during irradiance change.

🔎 Discussion Points

✅ Advantages: Easy implementation, stable for slow-varying irradiance, near-maximum efficiency.

⚠️ Limitations: Oscillations near MPP, slower adaptation under fast irradiance change.

🚀 Future Scope: Hybrid P&O-INC, ANN-based MPPT, or fuzzy controllers for improved performance.

#mppt #mpptchargecontroller #pvsystem #solarpv #matlab #simulink

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