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Jean Piaget – Cognitive Development Theory (Simple Explanation)

Jean Piaget said that children build knowledge by themselves, not by memorizing what adults say.

Core idea (straight to the point)

Children learn by doing and thinking, using their inborn (biological) abilities.

Real-life example

A small child touches a hot cup.
👉 First experience: “Cup looks nice.”
👉 New experience: “Cup is hot and hurts.”
The child changes understanding. This is how learning happens.


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How children learn (Piaget’s view)

1. Active construction of knowledge
Children are not empty vessels.
📌 Example: A child learns cycling by falling and trying again, not by listening to instructions only.


2. Biological ability matters
Children are born with mental abilities that grow with age.
📌 Example: A 3-year-old cannot solve algebra, but a 12-year-old can.


3. Mismatch creates learning (Discrepancy)
When new experience doesn’t match old knowledge, thinking changes.
📌 Example:
Child thinks all birds can fly → sees a penguin → understanding changes.


4. Reasoning changes with age
Children think differently at different ages.
📌 Example:



Small child: “More water means taller glass.”

Older child: understands volume is same even if glass shape changes.



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Stages of Cognitive Development

Just like physical growth (crawling → walking → running), thinking also grows in stages.

1. Sensorimotor (0–2 years)
Learning through senses and movement
📌 Example: Baby puts everything in mouth.


2. Preoperational (2–7 years)
Thinking is intuitive, not logical
📌 Example: Child believes moon follows them.


3. Concrete Operational (7–11 years)
Logical thinking about real objects
📌 Example: Understands that 5+5 = 10 even if objects are arranged differently.


4. Formal Operational (11+ years)
Abstract and logical thinking
📌 Example: Teenager can think about future plans or solve word problems.