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Toledo is a city and the capital of Toledo province, located within the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha in south-central Spain. Perched on a rugged promontory, it is encircled on three sides by the Tagus River and lies 42 miles (67 kilometers) south-southwest of Madrid.

Toledo, of ancient origin, is described by the Roman historian Livy as "urbs parva, sed loco munita" ("a small city, but fortified by location"). It was conquered by the Roman general Marcus Fulvius Nobilior in 193 BCE and became a significant Roman colony and the capital of Carpetania. In the 6th century, it served as the residence of the Visigothic court and the location of the renowned councils, notably the third council in 589, which was significant due to King Recared's conversion to Christianity. During the Moorish era (712–1085), it housed a significant Mozarab community (Christians who spoke Arabic). Captured by King Alfonso VI in 1085, Toledo rose to prominence as the principal political and social center of Castile, witnessing a blend of Christian, Arab, and Jewish cultures, exemplified by the School of Translators (Escuela de Traductores) founded by Alfonso X (the Wise) in the 13th century. However, its importance waned after Philip II chose Madrid as his capital in 1560.

Toledo is deemed emblematic of Spanish culture, and its historic center was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1986. The city's rugged terrain is marked by narrow, twisting streets with steep inclines and uneven pavements, converging on the Plaza del Zocodover. The Tagus River is spanned by two bridges: the Alcántara Bridge in the northeast, situated at the base of the medieval San Servando Castle, with sections dating back to Roman and Moorish periods, and the San Martín Bridge in the northwest, originating from the late 13th century. The walls of Toledo include parts from Visigothic, Moorish, and Christian times. Notable gateways from different eras are well-preserved, such as the 10th-century Puerta Vieja de Bisagra, famously entered by Alfonso VI in 1085.