Скачать или смотреть This video will save you hours of revision for your 2025 IGCSE Chemistry exam

Revise for your upcoming exams live with an exam expert
https://chem-bio.info/igcse-june-2025...

Get the full course of IGCSE Chemistry and study by your own pace 👇
https://www.chem-bio.info/igcse-chemi...

Get the latest 2024 - 2025 notes for IGCSE Chemistry 🧪
https://www.chem-bio.info/ebooks-library
Here's a bullet-point summary of the text document with emojis:

*Atoms Concept* ⚛️
Atoms consist of three subatomic particles:
*Protons* 🟢
Determine the element's position in the periodic table.
*Neutrons* ⚪
Vary among different isotopes.
Along with protons, determine the atomic mass.
*Electrons* ⚫
Determine the chemical properties of the atom.
*Oxidation* 🔻: Loss of electrons.
*Reduction* 🔺: Gain of electrons.

*Chemical Bonding* 🔗
Atoms bind to achieve stability by completing their outer shells.
*Covalent Bonds* 🤝
Form when nonmetals bind to one another.
Involve sharing of electrons.
Two types of covalent molecules:
*Simple Covalent Molecules* 🌐
Low boiling points due to weak intermolecular forces.
Poor electrical conductors due to lack of mobile electrons.
*Giant Covalent Molecules* 🏔️
*Diamond* 💎
Tetrahedral structure.
High melting point due to strong covalent bonds.
Poor conductor due to lack of electrons.
Hard due to strong covalent bonds.
*Graphite* 🖊️
Forms hexagonal layers.
High melting point due to strong covalent bonds.
Good electrical conductor due to mobile electrons.
Brittle as layers can slide past one another.

*Metals* 🏗️
Conduct electricity in all forms due to mobile electrons.
Malleable as cation ions can slide past one another.

*Ionic Bonds* ⚡
Occur between metals and nonmetals.
Ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water.
Brittle as ions of the same charge repel when force is applied.
High melting points due to strong electrostatic forces:
Between cations and mobile electrons in metals.
Between cations and anions in ionic compounds.
#igcsechemistry #pastpapers #pdf #notes #paper4 #paepr6 #exam #bonding