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Article 12 (State Defined), Constitutional Law, with important case Laws
Article 12: Definition of "The State"
This video provides an in-depth analysis of Article 12, which serves as the gateway to Part III (Fundamental Rights) of the Indian Constitution. Understanding Article 12 is crucial because Fundamental Rights are primarily enforceable against "The State." We explore the four categories mentioned in the Article and how the judiciary has expanded this definition to ensure the protection of citizens' rights.

Key Concepts Covered:
The Four Pillars: Analysis of the Government and Parliament of India, Government and Legislatures of States, Local Authorities, and "Other Authorities."

The Doctrine of Agency/Instrumentality: How private bodies can sometimes be treated as the State.

Judicial Interpretation: Why the definition of "State" is inclusive rather than exhaustive.

Landmark Supreme Court Judgments Discussed:
University of Madras vs. Santa Bai (1954): The initial application of the Ejusdem Generis (of the same kind) rule to "Other Authorities."

Rajasthan State Electricity Board vs. Mohan Lal (1967): The rejection of the Ejusdem Generis rule; establishing that bodies created by statute with power to give directions are "State."

Sukhdev Singh vs. Bhagatram (1975): Determining that statutory corporations like LIC, ONGC, and IFC fall under Article 12.

R.D. Shetty vs. International Airport Authority of India (1979): The landmark "Five-Point Test" to determine if a body is an instrumentality or agency of the State.

Ajay Hasia vs. Khalid Mujib (1981): Further refining the criteria for "Other Authorities," including societies registered under the Societies Registration Act.

Naresh S. Mirajkar vs. State of Maharashtra: Exploring the debate on whether the Judiciary falls under the definition of "State."

Hindi Description (हिंदी विवरण)
यह वीडियो भारतीय संविधान के अनुच्छेद 12 का व्यापक विश्लेषण प्रदान करता है, जो भाग III (मौलिक अधिकार) की आधारशिला है। अनुच्छेद 12 को समझना आवश्यक है क्योंकि मौलिक अधिकार मुख्य रूप से "राज्य" के विरुद्ध लागू किए जाते हैं। हम इस अनुच्छेद में उल्लिखित चार श्रेणियों और न्यायपालिका द्वारा इसकी व्याख्या के विस्तार पर चर्चा करते हैं।

प्रमुख बिंदु:

राज्य की परिभाषा: भारत सरकार, संसद, राज्य सरकारें, विधानमंडल, स्थानीय अधिकारी और "अन्य प्राधिकारी"।

एजेंसी/इंस्ट्रूमेंटालिटी का सिद्धांत: कैसे निजी निकाय भी कुछ परिस्थितियों में "राज्य" माने जा सकते हैं।

न्यायिक दृष्टिकोण: "अन्य प्राधिकारियों" के दायरे को समझने के लिए सुप्रीम कोर्ट के विकसित मानदंड।