Скачать или смотреть Respiratory changes from pontine damage

The underlying anatomy involved:
The pontine tegmentum contains the Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG) which includes:
1. Upper pneumotaxic center: Decreases inspiration depth and signals medulla to increase respiratory rate
2. Lower apneustic center: Promotes inspiration depth by stimulating the medulla's dorsal respiratory group

1. Apneustic Breathing:
Characterized by deep gasping inspiration with prolonged end-inspiratory pause
Followed by insufficient/short expiration
Results from upper pons injury
Uncommonly observed in humans
Can be temporarily induced by ketamine

2. Cheyne-Stokes Breathing:
Shows a crescendo-decrescendo pattern
Alternates between central apnea/hypopnea and hyperventilation
Affects both tidal volume and respiratory rate
Cycles typically last 45-90 seconds
Also caused by heart failure (25-50% HF pts)

These changes can result from various types of pontine damage including:
Vascular infarcts
Central pontine myelinolysis
Surgical manipulation