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Finding Unique Elements in an Array in Java: A Comprehensive Guide

This tutorial delves deep into various methods for identifying and extracting unique elements from a Java array. We'll cover approaches ranging from basic iteration and comparison to leveraging data structures like `HashSet` and more advanced techniques using streams. Each method will be explained with detailed code examples, performance considerations, and use-case scenarios.

*Understanding the Problem*

The problem of finding unique elements in an array boils down to identifying elements that appear only once in the array. Duplicate elements are disregarded. The challenge lies in efficiently comparing each element to all other elements and determining its frequency.

*Methods for Finding Unique Elements*

Here are several techniques for extracting unique elements from a Java array, along with detailed explanations and code examples:

*1. Brute-Force Approach (Nested Loops)*

*Concept:* This is the most straightforward approach. It involves using nested loops to iterate through the array. The outer loop iterates through each element, and the inner loop checks if that element appears again in the remaining portion of the array.
*Implementation:*



*Explanation:*
The `findUniqueElementsBruteForce` method takes an integer array `arr` as input.
It initializes an `ArrayList` called `uniqueList` to store the unique elements.
The outer loop iterates from `i = 0` to `arr.length - 1`, examining each element.
`isUnique` flag is set to `true` for each element at the start of the outer loop.
The inner loop iterates from `j = 0` to `arr.length - 1`, comparing the current element `arr[i]` with every other element `arr[j]`.
The condition `i != j` ensures that we don't compare an element with itself.
If a duplicate is found (`arr[i] == arr[j]`), `isUnique` is set to `false`, and the inner loop breaks.
After the inner lo ...

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