From Isolation to Empire: The Story of American Expansionism

In the late 19th century, the United States shifted from a policy of westward expansion to becoming a global power through strategic territorial acquisitions. Motivated by economic pressures, global competition, and racial ideologies, the U.S. pursued expansionism to secure resources, new markets, and military strength. Key events included the purchase of Alaska, initially mocked as "Seward's Folly," but later valued for its resources, and the annexation of Hawaii following the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani, driven by American settlers and military backing. Influenced by thinkers like Alfred T. Mahan, the U.S. sought naval power and overseas bases to compete globally. While expansion brought economic growth and strategic advantages, it also had a human cost, particularly for indigenous populations whose sovereignty and cultures were disrupted. By 1900, the U.S. had transformed into a global competitor, sparking debates about the justice and legacy of its actions.