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data abstraction in java

data abstraction is a fundamental principle of object-oriented programming (oop) that helps manage complexity by hiding the implementation details and showing only the essential features of an object. in java, data abstraction can be achieved through the use of abstract classes and interfaces.

key concepts of data abstraction

1. **abstract class**: an abstract class cannot be instantiated and can contain both abstract methods (without implementation) and concrete methods (with implementation). it is used to define a base class that provides a common interface for its subclasses.

2. **interface**: an interface is a reference type in java that can contain only constants, method signatures, default methods, static methods, and nested types. interfaces cannot contain instance fields or constructors. a class implements an interface by providing the bodies of the methods defined in the interface.

example of data abstraction

let's consider a simple example to demonstrate data abstraction using an abstract class and an interface. we will create a scenario involving shapes.

step 1: define an abstract class

we'll define an abstract class called `shape`, which will contain an abstract method `area()` for calculating the area of the shape.



step 2: define a concrete class

next, we will create concrete classes that extend the `shape` class. for example, let's create `circle` and `rectangle`.



step 3: define an interface

we can also define an interface called `drawable` to represent drawable shapes.



step 4: implement the interface

we'll implement the interface in our concrete classes.



step 5: using the classes

now we can create instances of `circle` and `rectangle`, and call their methods.



explanation of the code

1. **abstract class**: the `shape` class is abstract and declares the method `area()` which must be implemented by any subclass.

2. **concrete classes**: `circle` and `rectangle` extend `shape` and provide thei ...

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