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Syllabus:
1. Basic Biology
(i) Cell Cycle and Cell Division.
Cell cycle – Interphase (G1, S, G2) and
Mitotic phase.
Cell Division:
• Mitosis and its stages.
• A basic understanding of Meiosis as a
reduction division (stages not required).
• A brief idea of homologous chromosomes
and crossing over leading to variations.
• Significance and major differences
between mitotic and meiotic division.
(ii) Structure of chromosome.
Basic structure of chromosome with
elementary understanding of terms such as
chromatin, chromatid, gene structure of DNA
and centromere.
(iii) Genetics: Mendel’s laws of inheritance and
sex-linked inheritance of diseases.
• The three laws of Mendel.
• Monohybrid cross – phenotype and
genotype.
• Dihybrid cross – Only phenotype.
• The following terms to be covered: gene,
allele, heterozygous, homozygous,
dominant, recessive, mutation, variation,
phenotype, genotype.
• Sex determination in human beings.
Sex linked inheritance of diseases to
include only X-linked like haemophilia
and colour blindness.
2. Plant Physiology
(i) Absorption by roots, imbibition, diffusion
and osmosis; osmotic pressure, root pressure;
turgidity and flaccidity; plasmolysis and
deplasmolysis; the absorption of water and
minerals; active and passive transport (in
brief); The rise of water up to the xylem;
Forces responsible for ascent of sap.
• Understanding of the processes related
to absorption of water by the roots.
• Characteristics of roots, which make
them suitable for absorbing water.
• Structure of a single full-grown root
hair.
• A general idea of Cohesive, Adhesive
forces and transpirational pull.
• Experiments to show the conduction of
water through the xylem.
(ii) Transpiration - process and significance.
Ganong’s potometer and its limitations. The
factors affecting rate of transpiration.
Experiments on transpiration. A brief idea of
guttation and bleeding.
• Concept of transpiration and its
importance to plants
• Experiments related to transpiration:
(a)Loss in weight of a potted plant or a
leafy shoot in a test tube as a result
of transpiration.
(b)Use of cobalt chloride paper to
demonstrate unequal rate of
transpiration in a dorsiventral leaf.
• Mechanism of stomatal transpiration on
the basis of potassium ion exchange
theory.
• Adaptations in plants to reduce
transpiration.
• A brief idea of guttation and bleeding

(iii)Photosynthesis: the process and its
importance to life in general; experiments to
show the necessity of light, carbon dioxide,
chlorophyll, formation of starch and release
of oxygen; carbon cycle.
. The process and significance of
Photosynthesis.
• The internal structure of chloroplast to
be explained to give an idea of the site of
light and dark reactions.
• Opening and closing of stomata based on
potassium ion exchange theory.
• Overall balanced chemical equation to
represent photosynthesis.
• Introduction of the terms
"photochemical" for light phase and
"biosynthetic" for dark phases.
• Light reaction - activation of chlorophyll
followed by photolysis of water, release
of O2, formation of ATP
(photophosphorylation) and NADPH.
• Dark reaction - only combination of
hydrogen released by NADP with CO2 to
form glucose. (detailed equations are not
required).
• Adaptations in plants for photosynthesis.
• Experiments with regard to the factors
essential for photosynthesis; emphasis on
destarching and the steps involved in
starch test.
• A diagrammatic representation of
“carbon cycle”.
(iv) Chemical coordination in Plants: A general
study of plant growth regulators; Tropic
movements in plants.
• A brief idea of the physiological effects of
Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins,
Abscisic acid and Ethylene in regulating
the growth of plants.
• A basic understanding of the tropic
movements in plants with reference
to – Phototropism, Geotropism,
Hydrotropism, Thigmotropism and
Chemotropism (supported with suitable
examples).