Glycosides Containing Crude Drug (Part 02) = Aloe (Sourec, Description, Chemical Constituent & Uses)

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ALOE
Biological source: Aloes is the solid residue obtained by evaporating the liquid which drains from the transversely cut leaves of various species of Aloe (Liliaceae). The juice is usually concentrated by boiling and solidifies on cooling. The official (BP, EP, USP) varieties of aloes are the Cape from South Africa and Kenya, and the Barbados (Curaçao) from the West Indian Islands of Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire. There are separate pharmacopoeial monographs for each type. Socotrine and Zanzibar varieties are no longer official. Plants of about 180 known species of Aloe, the drug is mainly obtained from the following: Cape variety from Aloe ferox and its hybrids; Curaçao variety from Aloe barbadensis; Socotrine and Zanzibar varieties from Aloe perryi.

Chemical tests
(1) Borax reaction. To 5 ml of solution of aloes add 0.2 g of borax and heat until dissolved. Pour a few drops of the liquid into a test-tube nearly full of water. A green fluorescence is produced the origin of which is discussed below.
(2) Bromine test. To 2 ml of solution of aloes add 2 ml of freshly prepared solution of bromine. A pale yellow precipitate of tetrabromaloin is produced
(3) Modified Bornträger’s test. Employs ferric chloride and dilute hydrochloric acid to bring about oxidative hydrolysis, can be used. The anthraquinones liberated are extracted with carbon tetrachloride and give a rose-pink to cherry-red colour when their solution is shaken with dilute ammonia.

Chemical constituent
Aloes contain C-glycosides and resins. The crystalline glycosides known as ‘aloin. Aloin contains not less than 70% anhydrous barbaloin. The main crystalline glycoside, barbaloin, is found in all the commercial varieties. Barbaloin is a C- glycoside. Small quantities of aloe-emodin are sometimes present in aloes, and Cape aloes also contains aloinosides A and B, which are O-glycosides of barbaloin.

Uses
Aloes is employed as purgative. It is seldom prescribed alone, and its activity is increased when it is administered with small quantities of soap or alkaline salts, while carminatives moderate its tendency to cause griping. It is an ingredient of Compound Benzoin Tincture (Friars’ Balsam).

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