Basic Terms in Linguistics | Morphology, Phonology, Syntax, Semantics, Morpheme, Phoneme, Pragmatics

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Basic Terms in Linguistics | Morphology, Phonology, Syntax, Semantics, Morpheme, Phoneme, Pragmatics

The smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning in a language.
Example: The difference between the words "bat" and "pat" is the initial phoneme /b/ vs. /p/.

The smallest grammatical unit in a language.
Example: The word "unhappiness" consists of three morphemes: "un-" (prefix), "happy" (root), and "-ness" (suffix).

The set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given language.
Example: In English, the typical word order is Subject-Verb-Object (SVO), as in "The cat (subject) chased (verb) the mouse (object)."
Semantics:
The study of meaning in language; how words and sentences convey meaning.
Example: The words "child" and "kid" have similar semantics because they both refer to a young human being.
Pragmatics:
The study of how context influences the interpretation of meaning in communication.

Example: The statement "Can you pass the salt?" in a dinner setting is understood as a request rather than a question about someone's ability to pass the salt.
Phonology:
The study of the sound system of a language, including the rules for combining and using phonemes.
Example: In English, the sounds /t/ and /d/ are distinct phonemes, but in some languages, they may be allophones, meaning they do not differentiate words.
Morphology:
The study of the structure and form of words in a language, including the formation of words through affixes.


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