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python access modifiers tutorial

access modifiers in python are used to set the visibility or accessibility of class attributes and methods. they help in encapsulating the data and restricting access to certain parts of an object. in python, there are three main types of access modifiers:

1. *public*
2. *protected*
3. *private*

let's go through each of these access modifiers with code examples.

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#### 1. public access modifier

attributes and methods defined as public can be accessed from anywhere in the program. by default, all members (attributes and methods) of a class are public in python.

##### example:



*output:*


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#### 2. protected access modifier

protected members are indicated by a single underscore (`_`) before the member name. although they can be accessed from outside the class, it is a convention to indicate that they should not be accessed directly outside the class or its subclasses.

##### example:



*output:*


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#### 3. private access modifier

private members are indicated by a double underscore (`__`) before the member name. these attributes and methods are not accessible from outside the class, which provides a higher level of data encapsulation.

##### example:



*output:*


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summary

*public members* can be accessed from anywhere.
*protected members* should be accessed only within the class and its subclasses (conventionally).
*private members* are strictly accessible only within the class and cannot be accessed outside of it.

understanding and using access modifiers effectively helps in maintaining the integrity of the data and ensuring that only the intended parts of a class are exposed to the outside world.

best practices

use public members for attributes and methods that need to be accessed from outside the class.
use protected members for attributes and methods that should be accessed in subclasses but not outside the class hierarchy.
use private members to hide sensiti ...

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