Pleural Biopsy ; Definition, indications, Types, Procedure, Complications

Pleural Biopsy:


**Definition:]


A pleural biopsy is a medical procedure that involves removing a sample of tissue from the pleura, the thin membrane surrounding the lungs, for diagnostic purposes.


**Indications:]


1. Uncertain diagnosis after imaging studies
2. Suspected malignancy
3. Tuberculosis or other infections
4. Inflammatory or autoimmune disorders
5. Unexplained pleural effusion


**Types of Pleural Biopsy:]


1. Closed pleural biopsy (needle biopsy)
2. Open pleural biopsy (surgical incision)
3. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)
4. Image-guided biopsy (CT or ultrasound)


**Procedure:]


**Closed Pleural Biopsy:]


1. Local anesthesia
2. Insertion of needle into pleural space
3. Collection of tissue sample
4. Removal of needle


**Open Pleural Biopsy:]


1. General anesthesia
2. Surgical incision in chest wall
3. Exposure of pleura
4. Collection of tissue sample
5. Closure of incision


**VATS:]


1. General anesthesia
2. Small incisions in chest wall
3. Insertion of thoracoscope
4. Collection of tissue sample
5. Removal of thoracoscope


**Complications:]


1. Pneumothorax
2. Hemorrhage
3. Infection
4. Lung injury
5. Chest pain


**Diagnostic Yield:]


1. Sensitivity: 80-90%
2. Specificity: 90-100%
3. Accuracy: 85-95%


**Histopathological Examination:]


1. Light microscopy
2. Immunohistochemistry
3. Molecular testing (PCR, FISH)


**Common Diagnoses:]


1. Malignant mesothelioma
2. Lung cancer
3. Tuberculosis
4. Pneumonia
5. Sarcoidosis

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