Скачать или смотреть How Kratom’s Effects Change from Occasional to Chronic Use

It's exceedingly difficult to generalize about the effects of kratom for several reasons, including:
A) The lack of adequate, peer-reviewed data from research studies (particularly clinical data in humans rather than other animal models);
B) The confounding effects of differences between methanolic, ethanolic, and aqueous kratom extracts, as well as differences in alkaloid content between different varieties of Mitragyna speciosa, kratom grown in different areas, and kratom harvested at different times of year;
C) Individual genetic / physiologic variations as well as interactions between kratom and other psychoactive / somatically active substances (there is substantial reason to believe that kratom interacts with many different classes of medicines, including Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressants and chemicals metabolized by certain sets of liver enzymes that are induced / inhibited by compounds contained in kratom).

What is clear, however, is that the kratom extracts that we are consuming in the United States today are considerably more potent than the M. speciosa leaves traditionally consumed in Thailand, Malaysia, and other areas of Southeast Asia. In particular, the mitragynine and - more significantly - 7-hydroxymytragynine (7-HMG; 7-OH) content are elevated in the kratom extracts available these days. There is some doubt as to whether these compounds are full agonists or partial agonists at the mu-opioid receptor (MOR); it is possible that the full complement of 12+ psychoactive kratom alkaloids effectively functions as a partial agonist at the mu-opioid receptor, whereas 7-HMG / 7-OH itself, which is present in large amounts in products such as Feel Free, functions as a full agonist when taken in overpowering quantities or in isolation.

Further, what is absolutely clear is that 7-OH and mitragynine are powerful mu opioid receptor agonists (activators), which cause all of the classic opioid effects, and which produce physical dependence and addiction when abused consistently over a period of weeks and months (readdiction will happen faster if the user has previously been dependent upon / addicted to another opiate or opioid). Some users who I have spoken with have gone so far as to say that 7-OH withdrawal was as bad or worse than her0in withdrawal (one even said that it was as bad as fent withdrawal, although most kratom users experience a much milder withdrawal syndrome).

For more information on the history / culture (ethnobotany) of kratom, the characteristics of the Mitragyna speciosa plant, traditional methods of preparing and consuming kratom, traditional medical uses for kratom and its alkaloids, relevant history from the Opium Wars, an overview of a Thai (1975) and Malay (2010) study of long-term kratom users, user accounts of what it feels like to use kratom (and to be dependent upon / addicted to it; mostly from Erowid), as well as an introduction to the dozens of psychoactive and somatically active alkaloids found in M. speciosa leaves, please click on the linked video, entitled "Kratom Deep Dive - Part 1 - History / Culture."