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Why do satellites evade missiles?
Unveiling the "Orbital Ghost" War: A Hundred-Billion-Dollar Race for the U.S., China, and Russia
Can you believe it? Satellites in space can now dodge missiles on their own! In the near-Earth orbit, an invisible battlefield, satellite offense and defense technology is undergoing a revolutionary change. From late last year to this May, Elon Musk's Starlink constellation seemed to have been given "space superpowers." It completed a total of 140,000 orbital maneuvers in six months, averaging more than 800 dramatic "space evasions" every day. These trajectory changes weren't random drifts; they were based on precise calculations using AI algorithms. When a detection system captures a potential threat, the satellite can activate its ion thrusters within milliseconds, adjusting its position at a speed of several meters per second. It's like a veteran driver swerving on the highway to avoid a dangerous situation, precisely dodging lethal anti-satellite weapons. What's even more astonishing is that these "space dancers" can share threat intelligence through inter-satellite links, building a dynamic defense network that significantly reduces the hit rate of traditional anti-satellite methods.
The principle behind this isn't that complicated. It's similar to driving a car with a Level 4 autonomous driving system on a busy highway; satellites are also equipped with sophisticated "space radars" and powerful "smart brains." Starlink satellites have a laser pulse anti-collision system that can perform a three-dimensional scan of the surrounding 300-kilometer airspace at a frequency of a million times per second. It can not only accurately identify space debris larger than 1 centimeter in diameter but also predict the trajectory of suspicious targets through deep learning algorithms. When a potential threat is detected, an AI decision system based on a quantum computing architecture can complete the deduction of 100,000 obstacle avoidance plans within 50 milliseconds. By adjusting the micro-impulse of the ion thrusters, the satellite can complete its trajectory maneuver with sub-millimeter precision. This millisecond-level response mechanism is three orders of magnitude faster than human nerve conduction, like putting a smart "protective suit" on the satellite and weaving an airtight safety net in the crisis-ridden near-Earth orbit.
Even more chilling is the U.S. X-37B spaceplane. This mysterious piece of equipment, called an "orbital test vehicle" by the Pentagon, is actually the first space-based platform in human history with reconnaissance, strike, and anti-satellite capabilities. With its Hall-effect thruster system, it can perform three high-precision orbital maneuvers in 24 hours, a frequency far exceeding the average of two to three monthly maneuvers for regular satellites. The nanostructured radar-absorbing coating and special honeycomb structure on its surface give it a radar cross-section (RCS) of only 0.01 square meters, which is 30% smaller than a common sparrow. In geostationary orbit at 38,000 kilometers, this "space ghost," combined with its on-board infrared warning system, can sense the infrared plume of an enemy anti-satellite missile 15 minutes in advance. Just as Russia's "Nudol River" anti-missile system completes its target lock, the X-37B has already used more than 200 pre-planned maneuver options to perform a serpentine evasion at a speed of 7.9 kilometers per second.
It is worth noting that the X-37B has broken its on-orbit duration record every time. The first mission lasted 225 days, and by the sixth mission, it had reached 780 days. This means it has the ability to remain on orbit for a long time. The U.S. Air Force has cryptically revealed that the aircraft can carry an "orbital correction component"—which military experts interpret as a miniature kinetic interceptor that can be deployed quickly. With China and Russia successively launching new satellites like "Shiyan-20" and "Kosmos-2542" that have similar maneuvering capabilities, this game of chess around the 36,000-kilometer geostationary orbit has evolved into a space arms race with countries investing hundreds of billions of dollars. Now let's dig into what these "serpentine-maneuvering" satellites are all about and what earth-shattering secrets are hidden behind the hundred-billion-dollar race.