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1. Competition:
Competition in ecology refers to the struggle between organisms for limited resources, such as food, water, shelter, or mates, when these resources are in short supply. This competition can occur between individuals of the same species (intraspecific competition) or between individuals of different species (interspecific competition).

Significance:

Biodiversity: Competition helps maintain biodiversity by ensuring that different species evolve and adapt to use different resources, reducing direct competition between species.
Species Evolution: It drives species to evolve different traits, behaviors, or niches to avoid competition, leading to the development of diverse ecological strategies.
Ecosystem Stability: Balanced competition can lead to stable coexistence of species within an ecosystem, preventing any one species from dominating and potentially causing the extinction of others.
2. Predation:
Predation is the act of one organism (predator) killing and consuming another organism (prey) for sustenance. Predators can be animals, plants, or microorganisms that hunt, capture, and feed on their prey.

Significance:

Population Control: Predators help control prey populations, preventing overpopulation of certain species, which could lead to depletion of resources and imbalance in the ecosystem.
Co-evolution: Predators and prey often engage in an evolutionary arms race, where adaptations and counter-adaptations drive the evolution of both predator and prey species.
Biodiversity: Predation can enhance biodiversity by preventing one species from dominating an ecosystem, allowing others to thrive.
Symbiosis is a biological term that describes the close and long-term interaction between two different species in an ecosystem. These interactions can take various forms and can be mutually beneficial, neutral, or harmful to one or both species involved. There are three primary types of symbiotic relationships:

Mutualism: In mutualistic symbiosis, both species involved benefit from the relationship. This can be a cooperative partnership where each organism provides something the other needs. Examples include:

Pollination: Bees and flowers: Bees obtain nectar for food, while flowers benefit from pollen transfer, facilitating their reproduction.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and legume plants: Bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use, and the plant provides the bacteria with nutrients.
Commensalism: Commensalism is a relationship in which one species benefits, and the other is neither helped nor harmed. It's often challenging to find clear examples of commensalism because it's hard to prove that one species receives no benefit. A classic example is:

Epiphytic plants: These plants, like some orchids, grow on trees without harming or helping the tree. The epiphyte gets physical support and access to sunlight while not significantly affecting the host tree.
Parasitism: In parasitic symbiosis, one species benefits at the expense of the other. Typically, the parasite derives nourishment from its host, which can harm the host. Examples include:

Ticks and mammals: Ticks feed on the blood of mammals, potentially spreading diseases and harming their host.
Internal parasites in the human digestive system: Worms and protozoa can live in the intestines, absorbing nutrients at the expense of the host.

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