3. CNS Tumours | USMLE Step 1 Pathology 🧠💡

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CNS Tumors in USMLE Step 1 Pathology

Central nervous system (CNS) tumors represent a diverse group of neoplasms arising within the brain and spinal cord, posing significant challenges in diagnosis and management. Understanding CNS tumors is paramount for medical students preparing for the USMLE Step 1 exam as they constitute a crucial topic in pathology.

Classification and Pathogenesis:
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CNS tumors are classified based on their tissue of origin, histological features, and molecular characteristics. Common types include gliomas (e.g., astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas), meningiomas, and metastatic tumors originating from distant primary sites.
The pathogenesis of CNS tumors involves genetic alterations, including chromosomal abnormalities, mutations in tumor suppressor genes (e.g., TP53), and activation of oncogenes (e.g., EGFR). Environmental factors and exposure to ionizing radiation may also contribute to tumor development.

Clinical Features and Diagnosis:
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Clinical manifestations of CNS tumors vary widely depending on their location, size, and growth rate. Common symptoms include headache, seizures, focal neurological deficits, and cognitive impairment.
Diagnosis relies on neuroimaging studies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans, which provide detailed anatomical information about the tumor's location, size, and surrounding structures. Histopathological examination of biopsy specimens is essential for accurate tumor classification.

Management and Prognosis:
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Treatment modalities for CNS tumors include surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, often used in combination depending on the tumor type, location, and stage.
Prognosis varies widely among CNS tumors, with some exhibiting indolent growth patterns and favorable outcomes, while others are aggressive and associated with poor survival rates.


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