Скачать или смотреть [Day 79] World Order Part I TAMIL | UPSC PSIR in 150 Days | International Relations | World History

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WORLD ORDER | HEGEMONY, POWER TRANSITION, US–CHINA RIVALRY, MULTILATERALISM & INDIA’S ROLE

In today’s PSIR / International Relations class, we unpack the idea of World Order — the underlying architecture that governs how power is distributed, rules are framed, institutions function, and states interact in global politics.

This lecture moves from classical ideas of order to the post-Cold War transition, the decline of American hegemony, the rise of China, and the growing importance of multilateralism and India’s strategic role in the 21st century.

This session explains:

What “World Order” really means — power, legitimacy, norms and institutions
Henry Kissinger’s four historical orders
Westphalian order, Chinese civilisational order, Islamic order and the US-led liberal order
Why today’s instability comes from overlapping and colliding orders

Changing World Order after the Cold War:
Unipolar moment (1991–2001)
Post-9/11 world of diffuse threats and non-state actors
Why the world shifted from bipolar stability to decentralised insecurity

Current Global Scenario:
Assertive China as a challenger to US hegemony
Rise of regional powers — India, Russia, Iran, Turkey
Growing role of non-state actors — terror groups, cyber actors, Big Tech
Huntington’s civilisational thesis and identity politics

Theories Explaining the Changing World Order:
Hegemonic Stability Theory and the Kindleberger Trap
Power Transition Theory and the danger of rising challengers
Indo-Pacific as a new strategic map
Joseph Nye’s idea of “power with others” in an interdependent world

How the US Built Global Hegemony:
Alfred Mahan — Sea Power
Halford Mackinder — Heartland Theory
Nicholas Spykman — Rimland and containment strategy

Decline of American Hegemony:
Imperial overstretch (Afghanistan, Iraq)
Economic shift towards Asia
2008 financial crisis and credibility shock
Domestic polarisation and governance gridlock
Soft power erosion and narrative fragmentation
Asymmetric strategies by rivals and weaponised interdependence

China as a Civilisational Challenger:
Departure from Deng Xiaoping’s “hide your power” strategy
Hard power expansion, military modernisation and near-seas control
BRI, AIIB and creation of parallel economic institutions
Technology war — semiconductors, AI, 5G, rare earths
Ideological and civilisational challenge to the Western order
Salami tactics in the South China Sea

US–China Flashpoints:
Taiwan and the One-China policy
Xinjiang and human rights geopolitics
Hong Kong and liberal norms
Tibet and sovereignty sensitivities

India and the Changing World Order:
Shyam Saran — Asia as the new centre of gravity
Brahma Chellaney’s three visions of world order
US: unipolar world, multipolar Asia
China: multipolar world, unipolar Asia
India: multipolar world, multipolar Asia

Multilateralism in the 21st Century:
Why global problems need collective solutions
Successes — Smallpox eradication, BEPS, FATF, Paris Agreement
Challenges — veto politics, de-globalisation, rule violations, arms race
Need for reformed multilateralism with a reformed UN

India’s Role in Reviving Multilateralism:
India’s credibility, democratic legitimacy and institution-building
CDRI, ISA, G20 leadership
Strategic autonomy through QUAD, BRICS, SCO and I2U2
Constraints — finance, neighbourhood instability, domestic challenges

Why this class is important for UPSC:

Direct linkage with PYQs:
“Decline of American hegemony”
“Multipolar world and India’s foreign policy”
“Changing world order in the 21st century”
“India’s vision of a new world order”

Essential for PSIR Paper I & II, GS Paper II (IR), Essay, and Interview perspective building.

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