Скачать или смотреть Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture! (NEET aspect)

Biotechnology has helped improve crop yield, quality, and resistance to stresses. The main applications are:
1. Genetically Modified (GM) Crops
GM crops are plants whose genes are altered using recombinant DNA technology to get desired traits.
Objectives:
Tolerance to abiotic stresses (drought, salinity, heat, cold)
Resistance to pests and diseases
Reduced dependence on chemical pesticides
Enhanced nutritional value
Examples:
Bt Cotton – resistant to bollworm
Golden Rice – rich in Vitamin A

2. Bt Crops (Bacillus thuringiensis)
The Bt gene from Bacillus thuringiensis is introduced into plants.
The gene produces Cry protein (toxic to insects but harmless to humans).
Cry protein is produced in an inactive form.
In the insect gut (alkaline pH), it becomes active and kills the insect.
Examples:
Bt cotton → bollworm
Bt corn → corn borer

3. Pest-Resistant Plants (RNA Interference – RNAi)
Used to prevent infestation by pests.
Involves silencing of specific genes of the pest.
Example:
Tobacco plant protected against nematode Meloidogyne incognita

Advantages of Biotechnology in Agriculture
Increased crop productivity
Reduced use of chemical pesticides
Environment-friendly
Improved food quality

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