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Methanol Bunkering: Technical and Operational Overview
Key Concepts:
• Decarbonization Driver: The maritime industry is increasingly adopting low-flashpoint fuels, such as methanol, to meet stricter gaseous air emission legislation and reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from ships.
• Methanol's Role: Methanol (CH3OH) can be produced from renewable sources (bio-methanol and e-methanol). Its adoption is expected to become a key strategy for the industry to comply with environmental challenges.
• Purpose of Bunkering Guidance: This material summarizes the technical and operational guidance necessary for safe methanol bunkering operations, covering challenges for both the delivering ship/land-side source and the receiving ship.
Methanol transfer system: Loading arms and supporting structures, Methanol articulated rigid piping, Hoses, swivels, valves, couplings Emergency Release Coupling (ERC), Insulating flanges, Quick connect couplings, Handling system and its control system, Communication system, Emergency Shut Down (ESD) Ship/Shore Link used to connect the supplying and receiving ESD systems. It can also include the pumps, compressors or blowers intended for the Vapour Management system.
Key Properties:
• Chemical Form: Clear, odorless liquid (CH3OH). It is water soluble and biodegradable.
• Flammability: Methanol is highly flammable with a low flashpoint of approximately 12° C. The flammable range in dry air is wide, at approximately 6–36.5 percent.
• Flame Characteristics: Methanol burns with a flame that is nearly invisible in daylight and produces no smoke.
• Energy Density: Its energy density (15.7 MJ/L) is significantly lower than conventional fuel oils, meaning approximately 2 to 2.5 times more storage volume is needed for the same energy content.
• Clean Burning: It has cleaner burning properties, enabling reduced exhaust emissions like Sulfur Oxides (SOx) and particulate matter (PM), and emits less Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) than conventional fuels.
• Toxicity: Methyl alcohol is classified as toxic by the IMO's International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code).
Storage Requirements:
• Methanol is liquid at atmospheric pressure, allowing it to be stored similarly to conventional fuels.
• Cofferdams are generally required around methanol fuel tanks.
• Inerting is mandatory: The tank vapor space is to be inerted at all times, ensuring the oxygen content does not exceed 8 percent by volume.
• Tanks must be equipped with a controlled tank venting system with Pressure/Vacuum (P/V) valves connected to a vent mast.
Methanol Properties and Onboard Storage
Key Properties:
• Chemical Form: Clear, odorless liquid (CH3OH). It is water soluble and biodegradable.
• Flammability: Methanol is highly flammable with a low flashpoint of approximately 12° C. The flammable range in dry air is wide, at approximately 6–36.5 percent.
• Flame Characteristics: Methanol burns with a flame that is nearly invisible in daylight and produces no smoke.
• Energy Density: Its energy density (15.7 MJ/L) is significantly lower than conventional fuel oils, meaning approximately 2 to 2.5 times more storage volume is needed for the same energy content.
• Clean Burning: It has cleaner burning properties, enabling reduced exhaust emissions like Sulfur Oxides (SOx) and particulate matter (PM), and emits less Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) than conventional fuels.
• Toxicity: Methyl alcohol is classified as toxic by the IMO's International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code).
Storage Requirements:
• Methanol is liquid at atmospheric pressure, allowing it to be stored similarly to conventional fuels.
• Cofferdams are generally required around methanol fuel tanks.
• Inerting is mandatory: The tank vapor space is to be inerted at all times, ensuring the oxygen content does not exceed 8 percent by volume.
• Tanks must be equipped with a controlled tank venting system with Pressure/Vacuum (P/V) valves connected to a vent mast.