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Subordinating Conjunctions
As mentioned, complex sentences are useful because they can indicate a very specific relationship between two ideas. Depending on what relationship we would like to indicate, we choose a specific subordinating conjunction. For example:
• “He’s going to pass his test even if he doesn’t study.” (a specific outcome despite a hypothetical action)
• “I watched a movie while my friend was shopping.” (concurrent events)
• “I will go as long as you go with me.” (an outcome will occur under a certain condition)
In the examples above, the subordinating conjunctions even if, while, and as long as introduce the dependent clauses and specify their relationship to the independent clauses.
Some of the most common subordinating conjunctions are:
• after
• although
• as
• as soon as
• because
• even if
• in case
• in order that
• providing
• since
• though
• when

Structure and punctuation
The order of the independent and dependent clause in a complex sentence is flexible. We can structure complex sentences with the independent clause first, as in:
• “He’s going to pass his test even if he doesn’t study.”
• “I watched a movie while my friend was shopping.”
• “I will go as long as you go with me.”
The same sentences can be structured with the dependent clause first as well. This results in no change of meaning. For example:
• “Even if he doesn’t study, he’s going to pass his test.”
• “While my friend was shopping, I watched a movie.”
• “As long as you go with me, I will go.”
Although there are exceptions, note that when the dependent clause is placed first, we generally follow it with a comma, as in the examples above. However, if the independent clause introduces the sentence, we usually do not need a comma.
Usage Note
While it’s a commonly quoted belief that a sentence should not begin with the word because, this is not an actual grammatical rule. Sentences can begin with because (and any other subordinating conjunction) as long as the sentence is not a fragment. For example
• “Because we were early, we decided to have a coffee.” (correct)
• “Because we were early.” (incorrect)
As the second sentence is a dependent clause without an independent clause to complete it, it is considered a fragment and must be corrected. However, the first sentence is a complete sentence because the dependent clause is followed by the independent clause “we decided to have a coffee.”
Provide a fitting subordinator to fill the gaps in these sentences.
1. I'm going to the bank _______ I need some money.
2. I made lunch _________ I got home.
3. ________ it's raining, she's going for a walk in the park.
4. ________ she finishes her homework soon, she will fail the class.
5. He decided to trust Tim ______ he was an honest man.
6. _______ we went to school, she decided to investigate the situation.
7. Jennifer decided to leave Tom _______ he was too worried about his job.
8. Dennis bought a new jacket __________ he had received one as a gift last week.
9. Brandley claims that there will be trouble _____ he doesn't complete the job.
10. Janice will have finished the report ____ the time you receive the letter.
Answers :
1. because / since / as
2. after / when / as soon as
3. although / even though / though
4. unless
5. because / since / as
6. before / when
7. because / since / as
8. although / even though / though
9. if / in the case that
10. by