Skull Anatomy ( Norma Lateralis and Basalis ) : Head & Neck Anatomy for Mbbs 1st proff - Dr Abhijeet

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Head & Neck for Mbbs 1st proff by Dr Abhijeet
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1) Norma Lateralis -
Norma Lateralis: The lateral view of the skull, also known as the side view, which provides important insights into the anatomical structures of the head. It is one of the standard views used in anatomical studies and medical imaging to assess and understand the relationships between various bones, sutures, and landmarks of the skull.

Key Anatomical Structures -
Frontal Bone: The bone that forms the forehead and extends to form the superior part of the eye sockets.
Parietal Bone: Situated behind the frontal bone, it forms a large part of the superior and lateral aspects of the skull.
Temporal Bone: Located beneath the parietal bone, it houses the structures of the ear and forms the sides and base of the skull.
Occipital Bone: Forms the posterior part of the skull and the base of the cranium.
Zygomatic Bone: Also known as the cheekbone, it forms the prominence of the cheeks and part of the orbit of the eye.
Maxilla: The upper jawbone that forms part of the orbit, nasal cavity, and palate.
Mandible: The lower jawbone, which is the only movable bone of the skull.
Sphenoid Bone: A complex bone that contributes to the base of the cranium and the sides of the skull.
External Acoustic Meatus: The ear canal opening located in the temporal bone.
Mastoid Process: A bony prominence of the temporal bone located behind the ear, serving as an attachment site for certain neck muscles.

Clinical Significance -
Fracture Assessment: Norma lateralis is crucial in evaluating cranial fractures, especially in trauma cases.
Surgical Planning: Surgeons use this view to plan procedures involving the cranial bones, such as craniotomies.
Dental and Orthodontic Applications: The relationship between the maxilla, mandible, and other facial bones can be assessed using this view.

2) Norma Basalis externa -
Norma Basalis Externa: The inferior view of the skull's external base, also known as the external base of the skull. This perspective allows the visualization of the structures forming the floor of the cranial cavity and the upper part of the cervical spine. It is crucial in studying the anatomical relationships and bony landmarks critical for various medical and dental applications.

Key Anatomical Structures -
Occipital Bone: Forms the posterior part of the skull base, featuring the foramen magnum, through which the spinal cord passes. The occipital condyles on either side articulate with the first cervical vertebra (atlas).
Sphenoid Bone: Located anterior to the occipital bone, the sphenoid bone contributes to the base of the skull and includes the sella turcica, which houses the pituitary gland. Its greater wings and pterygoid processes are also visible.
Temporal Bones: Situated on the sides of the skull base, the temporal bones contain the external acoustic meatus (ear canal) and the mastoid and styloid processes, important for muscle attachments.
Maxilla: The upper jawbone, which forms the anterior part of the skull base. The palatine process of the maxilla forms the majority of the hard palate.
Palatine Bones: These L-shaped bones complete the posterior part of the hard palate and contribute to the walls of the nasal cavity.
Vomer: A thin, flat bone forming the inferior portion of the nasal septum.
Foramina:
Foramen Magnum: The large opening for the passage of the spinal cord.
Jugular Foramen: Allows the passage of the jugular vein and cranial nerves IX, X, and XI.
Carotid Canal: A passageway for the internal carotid artery.
Stylomastoid Foramen: The exit point for the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII).
Foramen Ovale and Foramen Spinosum: Openings in the sphenoid bone for the passage of nerves and blood vessels.

Clinical Significance -
Cranial Nerve Pathways: Norma basalis externa provides a detailed view of the exit points for various cranial nerves, making it essential for understanding nerve-related pathologies.



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