Understanding Loudspeakers: what they are, how they work

In this video I describe what loudspeakers are and how loudspeakers work. The way in which the magnetic fields of a coil and permanent magnet interact, to the reasons for having special cabinets for them.

A loudspeaker, often just called a speaker, is essentially an electroacoustic translator. IA loudspeaker works by taking an electrical signal, like music or speech, and turning it into physical vibrations – sound waves – that we can hear.

The heart of a speaker is the driver. The way the loudspeaker works starts a coil of wire and a permanent magnet. This is a strong magnet with a strong magnetic field.

When we pass audio signals through the coil, electricity alternates between positive and negative. The coil creates its own magnetic field which reacts with the permanent magnet.

As a result the cone is pushed backwards and forwards in line with the electrical current.

But to make the sounds really audible a cone is needed. This is glued to the coil so that its vibrations have much greater force.

The speaker also has a chassis to hold everything together and the cone is connected to the chassis with a flexible ring as we see here. This is essentially what a loudspeaker is and how it works.

But not all sounds are created equal! High-pitched notes have smaller, faster vibrations, while low booms come from bigger, slower movements. That's why speakers have different sized drivers. Tweeters handle those high-frequency squeaks, while woofers tackle the deep, rumbling bass. Some speakers even have midrange drivers for the in-between sounds.

The box around the driver isn't just for looks. It's an important part of the sound magic. Different enclosures, like sealed boxes or bass reflex ports, control how sound waves from the back of the driver interact with those from the front. This affects the bass response and overall sound quality.

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