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Rosewater Making Process | Factory Inside | Products Making Process | Technology | DIY | Science & Tech | Perfume


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Steam distillation is a technique to separate temperature-sensitive substances, like essential oils, by using steam to vaporize them at lower temperatures than their normal boiling points, preventing decomposition. Steam is passed through the plant material, carrying volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with it; these vapors are then condensed and collected, yielding the pure oil and water (hydrosol). It works because the mixture of steam and VOCs boils when their combined vapor pressure equals the surrounding atmospheric pressure, allowing extraction below the VOC's actual boiling point.
How it Works
Steam Generation: Water is heated in a separate boiler, or in the same flask with the material, to produce steam.
Vaporization: Steam flows through the raw material (like plant matter), causing the temperature-sensitive organic compounds to vaporize along with the steam.
Condensation: The combined vapors travel to a condenser, where they are cooled back into liquid form.
Separation: The condensed liquid (distillate) contains both water and the extracted oil, which are immiscible and separate into layers, allowing for easy collection of the essential oil.
This video provides a visual overview of the steam distillation process:



Key Principles
Lower Boiling Point: The process allows compounds to vaporize at temperatures below their actual boiling points, protecting them from heat damage.
Dalton's Law: For immiscible liquids, the total vapor pressure is the sum of individual vapor pressures, meaning the mixture boils at a lower temperature than either liquid alone.
Immiscibility: It's ideal for substances that don't mix with water (immiscible) and are sensitive to high heat, like essential oils.
Applications
Extraction of essential oils for perfumes, aromatherapy, and natural products.
Isolation of volatile organic compounds from natural sources.
Watch this video to see how steam distillation is used to extract essential oils from plants: