Genetics 🧬 (PART-5) | How Mendel Did The Experiment and Laws Of Mendel |

Gregor Mendel's Experiment:

Genetics (Part-1): Heredity | Inheritance | Genes | Variation Explained 👇
   • Genetics (Part-1): Heredity | Inherit...  

Genetics (Part-2): Alleles | Dominant & Recessive | Homozygous & Heterozygous Explained! 👇
   • Genetics (Part-2): Alleles | Dominant...  

The Study: Inheritance of Traits in Pea Plants

Objective: To understand how traits are passed from one generation to the next

Materials:

1. Pea plants (Pisum sativum)
2. Greenhouse
3. Gardening tools

Experiment Design:

Step 1: Selection of Traits

Mendel chose 7 traits:

1. Seed shape (smooth or wrinkled)
2. Seed color (green or yellow)
3. Flower color (purple or white)
4. Plant height (tall or dwarf)
5. Pod shape (inflated or constricted)
6. Pod color (green or yellow)
7. Position of flowers (axial or terminal)

Step 2: Parental Generation

Mendel selected pea plants with distinct traits:

- Tall and dwarf plants
- Smooth and wrinkled seeds
- etc.

Step 3: Cross-Pollination

Mendel cross-pollinated plants to create hybrids:

- Tall x dwarf
- Smooth x wrinkled
- etc.

Step 4: F1 Generation

Mendel allowed the hybrids to self-pollinate, producing the F1 generation.

Step 5: F2 Generation

Mendel allowed the F1 plants to self-pollinate, producing the F2 generation.

Data Collection:

Mendel recorded the traits of each plant in the F1 and F2 generations.

Key Observations:

1. Traits segregated in a 3:1 ratio (dominant:recessive)
2. Traits sorted independently (Law of Independent Assortment)
3. Dominant traits masked recessive traits (Law of Dominance)

Conclusions:

1. Traits are inherited in discrete units (genes)
2. Genes are passed from one generation to the next
3. Laws of Segregation, Independent Assortment, and Dominance govern inheritance

Mendel's Findings:

Mendel published his results in 1866, but they were largely overlooked until the early 20th century.

Modern Significance:

Mendel's work laid the foundation for modern genetics, influencing fields like:

1. Genetics
2. Biotechnology
3. Medicine
4. Agriculture

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