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Introduction

The arecanut palm is the source of common chewing nut, popularly known as betel nut or Supari. In India it is extensively used by large sections of people and is very much linked with religious practices. India is the largest producer of arecanut and at the same time largest consumer also. Major states cultivating this crop are Karnataka (40%), Kerala (25%), Assam (20%), Tamil Nadu, Meghalaya and West Bengal.


Climate

The cultivation of arecanut is mostly confined to 28º north and south of the equator.  It grows well within the temperature range of 14ºC and 36ºC and is adversely affected by temperatures below 10ºC and above 40ºC.  Extremes of temperature and wide diurnal variations are not conducive for the healthy growth of the palms.  Arecanut can be grown in areas receiving annual rainfall of 750 mm in Maidan parts of Karnataka to 4,500 mm in Malnad areas of Karnataka.  In areas where there is prolonged dry spell, the palms are irrigated.  Due to its susceptibility to low temperature, a good crop of arecanut cannot be obtained at an altitude of more than 1000 m MSL.


Selection of mother palm

The criteria for the selection of mother palm are; early bearing, regular bearing habit, large number of leaves on the crown, shorter internodes and high fruit set.




Selection of seedlings

Twelve to eighteen-month-old seedlings are to be selected and transplanted in the main field. Seedlings with maximum number of leaves (five or above), minimum height and maximum girth are to be selected for planting.  The selected seedlings should be removed with a ball of earth adhering to the roots for planting.

Selection of site an

In well-drained soils and in the fields where proper drainage can be provided, deep planting is preferred. Deeper planting provides a firm anchorage and larger volume of space for root development.  In areas where water table is high, shallow planting is preferred.  Thus in well-drained soils, planting at a depth of 90 cm is recommended and in heavy soils planting at a depth of 60 cm is recommended.



Season of planting

In areas where South-West monsoon is severe, planting in the month of September-October is recommended.  In other areas planting can also be done in the months of May-June.

Nutrient Requirement

Annual application of 100 g N (220 g urea), 40 g P2O5 (200 g rock phosphate) and 140 g K2O (235 g muriate of potash) in addition to 12 kg each of green leaf and compost per palm per year is recommended.  The fertilizers are to be applied in two split doses.  One third of the fertilizer is applied in May - June and two third along with the organics during September-October.  Fertilizers are applied in basins around the palm dug to a depth of 15-20 cm and 0.5-1.0 m radius leaving 20 cm from the base of the palm.  After application, the soil is rolled up and covered with organic matter and soil.


Irrigation

Arecanut cannot withstand drought for a long time.  Being a perennial crop, once affected by water stress, it may require two-three years to regain the normal vigour and yield.  The death of palms due to moisture stress is also not uncommon. Irrigation intervals of 5 and 10 days were found superior throughout the season.  The quantity of water to be applied is about 200 lit per palm/irrigation.

During the summer, majority of the farmers face scarcity of water and it will be difficult to supply the required water to the palms.  To overcome this problem, new irrigation methods were tried which can save water without affecting the yield of arecanut.  They are sprinklers and drip irrigation methods.  Sprinkler and drip irrigations can save 20 and 44 per cent respectively of water.
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