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CABBAGE WATER LILIES

Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) is a lettuce-like stoloniferous, free-floating, mat-forming, perennial aquatic herb with leaves in rosettes up to 30 cm in diameter. It may also be attached to mud. The horizontal runners (stolons) are up to 60 cm long and produce new plants at their tips, while at the base of the rosettes there are trailing feathery roots to 1 m long that hang below the water surface. The overlapping leaves are spoon-shaped to obovate or wedge- to fan-shaped (being broad at the top and narrowed towards the base), pale green, yellowish green or grey-green, 2–17 cm long, 1.5–8.5 cm wide, spongy, longitudinally ribbed, softly velvety hairy, and with the leaf stalk much shortened and inflated.

An inconspicuous, 7–20 mm long, whitish green flower head grows amongst the leaf bases. Within a whitish tubular or funnel-shaped bract (spathe), that opens out towards the top and is slit down one side, there is a central column or spadix which carries a pistil (female part) below a whorl of stamens (male flowers). A cup-shaped membrane separates the male and female flowers.

The fruit is a greenish, ovoid to ellipsoid berry 5-10 mm long. The mature seeds are pale reddish brown, about 2 mm long, with a thick wrinkled seed-coat. They are largely enclosed in a cylindrical, buoyant, spongy material with an air chamber (Aston 1973; Sainty & Jacobs 1981, 2003; Stanley & Ross 1989; Hay 1993; Cowie et al. 2000; Parsons & Cuthbertson 2001; Sainty & Associates 2003).

Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) is a stoloniferous, free-floating, freshwater perennial herb, considered native in tropical Australia but introduced farther south.

It has overlapping, spongy, ribbed, velvety leaves forming a lettuce-like rosette.

It can reproduce prolifically, mainly by forming daughter plants on the end of stolons.

Under favourable warm to tropical conditions, Water Lettuce can rapidly expand to form obstructive mats, which interfere with water flow, irrigation and water storage systems, navigation and recreation activities, and can also have habitat and environmental impacts.

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