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Aerosol particles, tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in the air, play a complex role in Earth's climate system. In India, a significant amount of aerosols is released into the atmosphere through activities like burning fossil fuels, crop residue, industrial emissions, and vehicle exhaust. While most of these emissions are harmful to human health and the environment, they also have a surprising side effect: they can slightly offset global warming.

Aerosols reflect incoming sunlight back into space—a process called “direct radiative forcing.” When sunlight is scattered by these particles before it reaches the Earth’s surface, it reduces the amount of solar energy absorbed, leading to a cooling effect. In India, where pollution levels are high, this reflection is substantial enough to locally reduce temperature rise caused by greenhouse gases.

Some aerosols, like sulfates, also contribute to the formation of brighter, more reflective clouds, a process known as the “indirect effect.” These clouds can reflect even more sunlight and last longer, enhancing the cooling impact. This, again, slightly counters the warming driven by carbon dioxide and methane emissions.

However, this is not a solution to climate change. Aerosols have a short atmospheric lifetime compared to greenhouse gases, and they cause serious health problems, such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, once aerosol emissions are reduced (as they should be), the hidden warming they masked could reappear. So, while aerosols in India temporarily reduce global warming to some extent, they are not a sustainable or safe climate strategy.

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