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The Russian letters ъ and ь

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Hello friends. We are starting our next lesson on the Russian language course. In this lesson, we will talk about the letters ъ and ь. The letters ъ and ь do not represent any sound. These letters are also called separating letters. In fact these letters separates previous and subsequent letters from each other. For example : ателье, барьер, необъятный and so on. Pay attention on pronounciation. These letters are not only as separators, but also have a number of other features. As you can see from their names, these letters soften the letter that precedes it - in the example of ь, or harden it - in the example of ъ. In addition, as we said in one of our previous lessons, the separators ъ and ь indicate that the first letter я, е, ё, ю, which comes after these letters, is pronounced with 2 sounds, first wich is being the consonant [й]. You can find more information about this in our previous lesson.
First of all, let's talk about the letter ъ. ъ separates the vowel sound from the consonant sound, like the letter and ь. The difference here is that, as we have said, ъ does not soften the consonant that precedes it as ь. Therefore, his name is a hard or solid sign. But in our lesson we will call it by its original name. For example, the word съел uses a ъ. Here, the c sound that comes before it is a hard consonant.
Hard sign comes only before я, е, ё, ю letters. But when? Does it always come before these letters? of course not. There are a number of conditions for this. The first ъ comes after the prefixes ending in a consonant and separates the prefixes from the root of the word. For example, as you can see in the word подъезд, the letter ъ is used between the prefixe pod and the root езд (ехать is the root of the word). Note that the prefixe под here ends in a consonant.
The letter ъ is also used in compound words, the first part of which is numarals двух-, трех-, четырех. For example: трехъярусный.
And the final condition, in the foreign words entered into Russian from other languages, after the foreign prefixes аб-, ад-, диз-, ин-, интер-, кон-, контр-, об-, суб-, транс, a ъ is used. For example: адъютант, инъекция, объект, субъект, трансъевропейский, etc. If we pay attention to the word Трансарктический, we will see that the letter of ъ is not used here. The reason, as we have said, is that a ъ comes before the letters я, е, ё, ю. In the word " Трансарктический " the letter a, which is the first letter of the word "арктический" comes after the word "Транс", But note another word of the same rule. This word трансъевропейский. As you see the first letter of this word is the letter e, and that’s why after the prefix транс we must use the separator - ъ.
Now let's talk about the letter ь. As you can see from the name, this letter softens the letter that precedes it. Let's see this with an example. For example, in the word " ученье " the letter ь is used. If you pay attention, ь softens the consonant n that comes before it and separates the letter н from the letter e. Pay attention to pronunciation. Now let's remove the letter ь from this word – and we get учене. As you can see, the pronunciation has changed and in general such a word does not exist.
Thus, the letter ь is used in the middle of the word (but not after the prefixes), and is used to seperate the consonant which comes before from the letters и, е, ю, я that come after that consonant: карьер, вьюн, бурьян, подьячий, семья, ружье, ночью, чья, пью, шью.
At the same time, the letter ь can be used at the end of words. That is, even if we call this letter a separator, it may not always act as a separator, as in the word ученье. In the word Огонь, ь comes at the end of the word and it does not separate any letter, so there is no letter to separate in the word after it. Here ь is simply softens the sound that comes before him.
It is necessary to pay some attention to this letter, because the fact that this letter is not used in the word may result in a different meaning of the word. For example, if we take the ь znak in the word хорь (ferret), this word will have a completely different meaning. Let's look at another example - if we take the ь in the word Уголь (coal), then it will mean угол (which means corner in english).
In the middle of the word ь is used after the soft л consonant. But, if there is a double лin the word, then ь is not used. For example: гулливый, аллея, иллюзия.
I would like to bring to your attention, in some foreign words which transferred from another language to Russian, the letter ь can also be used before the letter o: батальон, бульон, гильотина, карманьола, компаньон, миньон, павильон, почтальон, шампиньон.

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