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Secondary Sources:

• The Canadian Encyclopedia “Canadian Pacific Railway”-
Provides an overview of CPR origins, financing, route, and importantly, notes that “some 15,000 Chinese men and boys worked on the railway,” many under dangerous conditions, and that at least 600 died during construction.

https://parks.canada.ca/culture/designatio...
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/...
https://www.historymuseum.ca/digital-on-de...


• Provincial Government of British Columbia- “Building the Railway” (Chinese legacy webpage)-


It gives specific figures and terms: by 1882, out of approximately 9,000 workers building western sections, 6,500 were Chinese. Chinese people who worked for the construction got paid about $1 per day, while the white people got paid about $1.50-$2.50/day, and also at their own expense they had to supply food and gear. It does refers to the tragic fact that hundreds of Chinese workers died through accidents, low temperature, illness, and malnutrition, and the Chinese people got excluded from the iconic “last spike” national celebration photo.

https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/governm...


• Heritage-site documentation- “Chinese Construction Workers on the Canadian Pacific Railway” (national historic designation)-




Confirms that number of thousands of Chinese workers (almost forming about the three-quarters of the workforce on B.C. segments), did worked under hazardous conditions for almost half the pay of white workers; many of the Chinese worker died because of the blasting accidents, landslides, illness, and poor living conditions.

https://parks.canada.ca/culture/designatio...


• Academic / archival research summary- “Building Canadian Pacific” (UBC / Chung Collection)-


Describes how thousands of Chinese labourers were brought to B.C., formed the bulk of the workforce on the hardest mountain segments, were paid half as much, did the most dangerous tasks (tunnelling, explosives), and how Chinese workers’ deaths were often omitted from official records. https://chung.library.ubc.ca/theme/351

https://gallery.library.ubc.ca/building-ca...