The year 223 BC marked a grim turning point for the Seleucid dynasty. Far from the heart of the empire, in the rugged terrain of Anatolia, King Seleucus III Ceraunus met a violent end, assassinated by his own officers. The news travelled slowly, but inexorably, across the vast Seleucid territories, eventually reaching Babylon. There, a younger brother, Antiochus, born around 242 BC near Susa, the son of Seleucus II Callinicus and Laodice II, found himself thrust into an unexpected and perilous inheritance. He was not the first choice, perhaps even bearing a non-dynastic name initially, according to some Babylonian chronicles. But with his brother's murder, the mantle of kingship fell upon him, and he ascended the throne as Antiochus III.
What he inherited was not a cohesive kingdom, but a patchwork of territories, many of them rebellious or effectively independent. The Seleucid realm, once a sprawling dominion stretching from the Aegean to India, was fragmented. Asia Minor, a crucial western bulwark, had largely detached itself. To the east, the situation was even more dire. Bactria, under the Seleucid Diodotus, had broken away years earlier, as had Parthia, led by the rebel satrap Andragoras, who was himself later supplanted by the nomadic chieftain Arsaces. Antiochus faced a monumental task: to reclaim what was lost and restore the glory of the Seleucid name.
SOURCES:
https://www.worldhistory.org/
https://www.britannica.com/
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