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Ten Horizons of Philosophy(दर्शन के दस दिगन्त): A Comprehensive Overview on Philosophy UGC NET Syllabus

The UGC NET Philosophy (Code 03) syllabus covers a vast intellectual landscape that spans classical Indian and Western traditions to contemporary debates, logic, ethics, politics, and applied philosophy. These diverse areas can be meaningfully organized under Ten Horizons of Philosophy—ten conceptual gateways that illuminate the depth and breadth of philosophical inquiry. Understanding these horizons helps the learner see the syllabus not as fragmented units, but as a coherent map of human thought.

1. Epistemology (Knowledge Horizon)

Epistemology investigates the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge.
UGC NET Coverage:

Indian: Pramāṇa theory (Nyāya, Mīmāṃsā), error theories, Cārvāka’s critique of inference

Western: Descartes’ scepticism, Hume’s empiricism, Kant’s synthetic a priori, Ayer & Quine
Central question: How do we know what we claim to know?

2. Metaphysics (Reality Horizon)

Metaphysics explores being, existence, causation, God, self, and the structure of reality.
UGC NET Coverage:

Indian: Brahman–Ātman, Sāṃkhya’s prakṛti–puruṣa, Buddhist anātmavāda, Vaiśeṣika ontology

Western: Plato’s Ideas, Aristotle’s substance, Leibniz’s monads, Hegel’s Geist
Central question: What is ultimately real?

3. Ethics (Moral Horizon)

Ethics concerns human conduct, moral values, and the ideal of the good life.
UGC NET Coverage:

Indian: Dharma, Purusārtha, Karma-yoga, Buddhist and Jain ethics

Western: Kantian deontology, utilitarianism, virtue ethics, cognitivism–noncognitivism
Central question: What ought we to do?

4. Logic (Reasoning Horizon)

Logic provides the formal and informal tools for valid reasoning, argumentation, and analysis.
UGC NET Coverage:

Nyāya logic, inference, fallacies

Propositional & predicate logic, truth tables, quantification, decision procedures
Central question: How do we reason correctly?

5. Aesthetics (Beauty and Art Horizon)

Aesthetics studies artistic experience, beauty, expression, and creative meaning.
Though not a separate UGC NET unit, it emerges through:

Tagore’s aesthetic humanism

Discussions in phenomenology, existentialism, and value theory
Central question: What is beauty and how do we experience it?

6. Philosophy of Religion (Spiritual Horizon)

This horizon explores God, faith, liberation, religious experience, and spiritual practices.
UGC NET Coverage:

Indian: Vedānta schools, Bhakti, Yoga, Vivekananda, Aurobindo

Western: St. Thomas Aquinas, Kierkegaard’s leap of faith, James & Rorty
Central question: How do human beings relate to the divine and the sacred?

7. Social Philosophy (Society Horizon)

Social philosophy examines human relationships, institutions, customs, justice, and social change.
UGC NET Coverage:

Indian: Varṇāśrama, caste, Ambedkar, Phule, social institutions

Western: Altruism, cultural relativism, subjectivism
Central question: What makes a just and harmonious society?

8. Political Philosophy (State and Power Horizon)

This horizon studies power, governance, liberty, rights, law, equality, and political obligation.
UGC NET Coverage:

Indian: Mahābhārata, Kautilya, Gandhi, Constitution, Sarvodaya

Western: Social contract (Hobbes–Locke–Rousseau), Marxism, Rawls, Nozick, feminism
Central question: How should society be politically organized?

9. Philosophy of Science & Contemporary Thought (Modernity Horizon)

This horizon deals with scientific method, technology, meaning, existential concerns, and language.
UGC NET Coverage:

Analytic philosophy: Frege, Russell, Wittgenstein, Logical positivism

Continental philosophy: Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty

Postmodernism: Nietzsche, Rorty, Levinas
Central question: How do science, language, and modernity reshape knowledge and life?

10. Applied Philosophy (Practical Horizon)

Applied philosophy connects abstract theories to real-world challenges and ethical dilemmas.
UGC NET Coverage:

Environmental ethics (Singer, Naess)

Bioethics & medical ethics (abortion, euthanasia, surrogacy)

Media & legal ethics

Professional ethics and philosophical counselling
Central question: How does philosophy guide real-life decisions?

Conclusion: A Unified Map of the UGC NET Philosophy Syllabus

The Ten Horizons of Philosophy offer a unifying framework to navigate the UGC NET syllabus. They transform the vast content into a logically connected structure, where each horizon deepens our understanding of:

knowledge (epistemology),

reality (metaphysics),

ethics (moral reasoning),

society (social philosophy),

the state (political philosophy),

science and modernity (contemporary philosophy), and

life itself (applied philosophy).

This holistic understanding not only strengthens conceptual clarity but also enhances analytical ability—essential for excelling in UGC NET.