Скачать или смотреть Why I will never vote for Congress : Modi Vs. Nehru Fraud : Indus Water Treaty, Sabarmati Report

Enrollment Link for General Studies (Prelims + Mains + Interviews) : www.misfits.bet

For Optional Political Science and IR : https://rzp.io/l/j77C0OmX

For Optional Subject (Political Science & International Relations) :

Revised Strategy for Scoring *300+ Marks in PSIR Optional*

#### *PSIR Syllabus Overview*

The PSIR optional for UPSC consists of **two papers**:

**Paper I**: Political Theory and Indian Politics
**Paper II**: Comparative Politics and International Relations

Each paper is worth *250 marks**, making it a total of **500 marks**. Here's the syllabus breakdown and a tailored strategy using **Misfits IFS 7 Seasons* as your **primary resource
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*Paper II: Comparative Politics and International Relations*

#### *Section A: Comparative Politics*
**Core Themes**: Political systems, theories of state, globalization, political institutions.
**Key Topics**: State sovereignty, political culture, democratization, and development.

#### *Section B: International Relations*
**Core Themes**: Global governance, India’s foreign policy, global terrorism, climate change.
**Key Topics**: NAM, Cold War, multipolarity, nuclear diplomacy, WTO, IMF reforms.
nd has survived despite multiple conflicts between the two nations.

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Key Provisions:

1. *Allocation of Rivers:*
*Eastern Rivers**: The rivers Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej are allocated to **India* for unrestricted use.
**Western Rivers**: The rivers Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab are allocated to **Pakistan**, with limited usage rights for India.

2. *India's Rights on Western Rivers:*
India can use the western rivers for *non-consumptive purposes* like navigation, irrigation (to a limited extent), hydroelectric power generation, and storage of water within prescribed limits.

3. *Permanent Indus Commission (PIC):*
A joint commission established to ensure cooperation and manage disputes.
The PIC meets regularly to discuss issues and share data.

4. *Dispute Resolution Mechanism:*
Any differences are resolved in three stages:
1. **Permanent Indus Commission**: Initial resolution attempt.
2. **Neutral Expert**: Appointed by the World Bank for technical disputes.
3. **Arbitration Court**: For legal disputes or unresolved issues.

5. *Data Sharing:*
Both countries are required to share hydrological data.

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Historical Background:

The partition of India in 1947 divided the Indus River Basin between India and Pakistan. This caused disputes over water access, as the rivers originate in India but flow into Pakistan.
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Significance:

1. *Stability in Water Sharing:*
The treaty ensures equitable distribution of the Indus basin waters, fostering peace and stability over shared resources.

2. *Survived Hostilities:*
Despite wars (1965, 1971, and Kargil conflict in 1999) and heightened tensions, the treaty has remained intact.

3. *Economic Importance:*
Both nations rely heavily on the Indus Basin for agriculture, electricity, and drinking water.

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Challenges and Criticism:

1. *India’s Concerns:*
Limited rights over western rivers restrict India's potential for development in regions like Jammu & Kashmir.
The treaty is seen by some as disproportionately favoring Pakistan.

2. *Pakistan’s Concerns:*
Fear of India's potential misuse of upstream control to manipulate water flow, especially during conflicts.
Allegations of India building projects like *Baglihar Dam* and *Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project* in violation of the treaty.

3. *Climate Change:*
Melting glaciers and erratic monsoon patterns threaten the water flow in the basin, adding strain to the agreement.

4. *Geopolitical Tensions:*
India has threatened to reconsider the treaty post-terror attacks like the *Uri attack (2016)* and the **Pulwama attack (2019)**.

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Recent Developments:

In **January 2023**, India issued a notice to Pakistan seeking a modification of the treaty, citing Pakistan’s repeated objections to projects like Kishanganga.
India is exploring ways to utilize the full potential of the eastern rivers.

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Way Forward:

1. *Improved Dialogue:*
Regular communication and confidence-building measures through the Permanent Indus Commission.

2. *Adaptation to Climate Change:*
Both nations should invest in joint research and adaptive strategies to manage the impact of climate change on the Indus basin.

3. *Modernizing Infrastructure:*
Collaborative efforts to upgrade water management systems can benefit both countries.

4. *Strengthening the Treaty:*
Revisiting the treaty to address contemporary challenges while maintaining mutual trust and cooperation.

The Indus Waters Treaty stands as a rare example of cooperation between India and Pakistan, reflecting the critical importance of water as a shared resource in fostering peace and collaboration.