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⚡ Electrolytes: Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Anion Gap, Osmolality, Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphate & Iron | Clinical Chemistry Review
Master electrolytes and minerals — sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and more — for exams and clinical practice!
This in-depth video covers everything you need to know about electrolytes and related minerals — essential for ASCP exam prep, medical laboratory science students, and clinical practice review.
✅ Topics Covered:
Sodium (Na⁺)
• Role in osmotic pressure & water balance
• Hyponatremia & hypernatremia causes
• Measurement by ion-selective electrodes & pseudohyponatremia
Potassium (K⁺)
• Primary intracellular cation & its role in neuromuscular activity
• Causes of hypo- and hyperkalemia
• Specimen handling issues leading to pseudohyperkalemia
• Measurement with valinomycin-selective electrode
Chloride (Cl⁻)
• Major extracellular anion & acid-base balance
• Hypochloremia vs. hyperchloremia causes
• Methods: ISE, coulometric titration, thiocyanate colorimetry
• Sweat chloride testing in cystic fibrosis
• The chloride shift in acid-base buffering
Anion Gap
• Calculation with/without potassium
• Normal reference ranges
• Causes of increased gap: salicylates, lactic acidosis, DKA, etc. (Mnemonic: SLUMPED)
• Causes of decreased gap: albumin loss, elevated magnesium, calcium, lithium therapy
Osmolality & Osmolar Gap
• Measured by freezing point & vapor pressure depression
• Calculation & interpretation of osmolar gap
• Urine osmolality and urine-to-serum ratio for kidney evaluation
Magnesium (Mg²⁺)
• Calcium channel blocker effects on the heart
• Increased in renal failure, cardiac disorders, drug use
• Measured by atomic absorption & colorimetric methods
Calcium (Ca²⁺)
• Distribution: protein-bound, ionized, complexed
• Hormonal regulation: PTH, calcitonin, Vitamin D
• Clinical disorders: hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, tetany
• Measurement: atomic absorption, colorimetry, ion-selective electrodes
Phosphate (PO₄³⁻)
• Inverse relationship with calcium
• Increased in renal failure & hypoparathyroidism
• Measured with molybdate spectrophotometric methods
Regulators of Calcium & Phosphate
• Vitamin D metabolism & deficiency disorders
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulation & intraoperative monitoring
• Procalcitonin (PCT) as calcium regulator & sepsis biomarker
Iron Metabolism
• Transport: transferrin, haptoglobin, hemopexin
• Storage: ferritin & hemosiderin
• Iron studies: serum iron, TIBC, transferrin saturation, ferritin
• Patterns in iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, thalassemia, hemochromatosis, sideroblastic anemia
📌 By the end of this video, you’ll have a complete understanding of electrolytes and their diagnostic significance in clinical chemistry.
#Electrolytes #ClinicalChemistry #ASCPExamPrep #MedicalLabScience #Sodium #Potassium #Calcium #Magnesium #Phosphate #AnionGap #Osmolality #Iron
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