Axon hillock | Action Potential in Neurons | Nervous System

In this comprehensive video, we explore the axon hillock, a crucial part of a neuron. Learn about:

The structure of the axon hillock and its unique features.
Its vital function in action potential initiation.
The role of the axon hillock in transmitting neural signals.
Whether you're a medical student or just curious about neuroscience, this lecture simplifies the key concepts you need to understand about the axon hillock.
🧠 Topics Covered:

What is the axon hillock?
Why is it critical for neural function?
How does it contribute to action potentials?
🎓 Perfect for medical students, aspiring neurologists, and enthusiasts of the human nervous system.
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This is a brain. Estimates vary but right now the best guess seems to be that our brains contain around 85 billion neurons. The neuron is a nerve cell and is the primary functional unit of the nervous system.

This is a generic image of a neuron. Neurons actually come in all shapes and sizes but is the prototypical version of a neuron that you’ll often see in a textbook. These structures extending from the left side of a neuron that look a little bit like tree branches are called dendrites.

Dendrites are the area where neurons receive most of their information. There are receptors on dendrites that are designed to pick up signals from other neurons that come in the form of chemicals called neurotransmitters. Those signals picked up by dendrites cause electrical changes in a neuron that are interpreted in an area called the soma or the cell body. The soma contains the nucleus. The nucleus contains the DNA or genetic material of the cell. The soma takes all the information from the dendrites and puts it together in an area called the axon hillock. If the signal coming from the dendrites is strong enough then a signal is sent to the next part of the neuron called the axon. At this point the signal is called an action potential.

The action potential travels down the axon which is covered with myelin, an insulatory material that helps to prevent the signal from degrading. The last step for the action potential is the axon terminals, also known as synaptic boutons. When the signal reaches the axon terminals it can cause the release of neurotransmitter. These purple structures represent the dendrites of another neuron. When a neurotransmitter is released from axon terminals, it interacts with receptors on the dendrites of the next neuron, and then the process repeats with the next neuron.
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This animation demonstrates the behavior of a typical neuron at its resting membrane potential, and when it reaches an action potential and fires, transmitting an electrochemical signal along the axon. It shows how the various components work in concer #pharmacology #physiology #medicines
▪ Action potential or nerve impulse, also known as membrane potential causes a movement of ions across the cell membrane of a neuron. An action potential has four phases: depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization and refractory period. There are two more states of the membrane potential related to the action potential. The first one is hypo-polarization which precedes the depolarization, while the second one is hyperpolarization, which follows the repolarization.
▪ Cell membrane of the neuron contains thousands of tiny molecules known as sodium potassium channels. These channels allow either sodium or potassium ions to pass through the membrane. generally the channels on the neuron are closed and the membrane is said to be in a resting state. in this state the charge of the inside of the cell membrane is more negative than the outside.
▪ Refractory period is a very short period during which the sodium potassium pump continues to return sodium ions to the outside and potassium ions to the inside of the axon. Thus returning the neuron to resting potential.
▪ So in summary an action potential is just a wave of depolarization and repolarization. it's not an electric current. It's just a series of voltage-gated ion channels open and close.
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