Bacterial Protein synthesis Animation - Initiation, Elongation and Termination

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Bacterial Protein synthesis Animation - Initiation , Elongation and Termination ( Microbiology )

Gene expression is the process by which genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to the protein. The translation of DNA into RNA is termed transcription; protein synthesis from RNA templates is called translation. Details on gene expression and transcription can be found in a separate learning card.
Translation is carried out by ribosomes, which are large molecular complexes of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. Ribosomes bind to RNA templates, also termed messenger RNA (mRNA), and catalyze the formation of a polypeptide based on this template. In the process, a charged transfer RNA (tRNA) recognizes a nucleotide triplet of mRNA that matches a specific amino acid (AA). The new AA is then linked to the next AA of the growing polypeptide on the ribosome. Translation ends once a specific nucleotide sequence of the mRNA is reached (a stop codon). The ribosome subsequently dissociates and the mRNA and newly synthesized protein are released.
Before proteins are functional, a proper shape and destination are both necessary. Proteins begin to fold into their three-dimensional structure during translation according to the AA sequence and local chemical forces and reactions. Various specialized proteins (folding catalysts, chaperones) also help the newly formed proteins to fold properly and reach their correct destinations (e.g., cytosol, organelles, extracellular matrix) via protein modifications. The translation rate of proteins is adjusted to the current conditions of the cell and bodily demands, and is affected by the presence or absence of certain nutrients.

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