Stem And Leaf | Structural Morphology of Flowering plants | CBSE Class 11 Biology by Elearnin

Welcome to Elearnin, In this 3d animated video we will teach you about the Structural Morphology of Flowering plants from the Class 11 Biology - CBSE – NCERT by Elearnin.

In this video, you will learn about Stem and Leaf.

• Stem
• Stem Functions
• Modification of Stem
• Underground Stem Modification
• Stem Tendrils
• Phylloclades
• Cladophylls
• Sub-Aerial Stems
• Stolon
• Offset
• Suckers
• Leaf
• Venation
• Types of Leaves
• Simple Leaf
• Compound Leaf
• Pinnately compound leaf
• Palmately compound leaf
• Phyllotaxy
• Modification of Leaves
• Tendrils
• Spines
• Fleshy leaves
• Phyllodes
• Insectivorous plants
• Vegetative propagation leaves

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The stem is the ascending part of the axis bearing branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits. It develops from the plumule of the embryo of a germinating seed. The stem bears nodes and internodes. The region of the stem where leaves are born is called nodes while internodes are the portions between two nodes. The stem bears buds, which may be terminal or Axillary.

The leaf is a flattened structure that originates from the stem aerially. It develops at the node and bears an axillary bud. The axillary bud later develops into a branch.

Functions of the Stem

The main function of the stem is spreading out branches bearing leaves, flowers, and fruits. It conducts water, minerals and photosynthates

Modifications of the Stem
1. Underground Stem Modifications:
This helps to store food and takes part in vegetative propagation. E.g., Potato and Stem Tuber.
2. Stem Tendrils:
They help in climbing. E.g., Pumpkin
3. Phylloclades:
In deserts, some stems undergo transformation into fleshy and flattened structures called Phylloclades.
4. Cladophylls:
Cladophylls are branches that transform to help in Photosynthesis. E.g., Asparagus
5. Bulbil:
Bulbils are structures that separate from the parent plant and form adventitious roots that help in vegetative propagation. E.g., Diascoria
II. Sub – Aerial Stems
a. Runners:
In some plants, the stem spreads to new places and forms new plants when the old ones die. Such plants are called runners. E.g., Oxalis



b. Stolon:
In some plants, a slender lateral branch arises from the base of the main axis. After growing aerially for some time, they arch downwards and form adventitious roots. These are called Stolons. E.g., Jasmine
c. Offset:
In some aquatic plants, internal branches called offsets to arise from the same internodes. At the internode, they form leaves in a rosette form.
d. Suckers:
In Chrysanthemum, the lateral branches originate from the basal and underground portion of the main stem, grow horizontally beneath the soil, and then come out obliquely upward. These are called Suckers
Venation
Venation is the way the veins of the lamina are arranged over the leaf. If they are in the form of a network, it is called Reticulate Venation. If they are parallel, it is called Parallel Venation. Monocotyledonous leaves have parallel venation. Dicotyledonous leaves have reticulate venation.