Скачать или смотреть [Corporate AI Instructor & Lawyer] Estonia government has proactively built an AI system

[Corporate AI Instructor & Lawyer] Estonia government has proactively built an AI system

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Adrienne Park Park (Australian/International Lawyer)

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If AI Finds You Guilty, Where Do You Appeal?

Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have drifted into a world where distrust prevails. The concept of Jeong—a uniquely Korean sentiment of affection and bonding—has long since faded, and even alumni gatherings have become a thing of the past. Amidst this, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has suddenly emerged, shaking the very foundations of our daily lives. While AI is displacing many jobs, the legal profession is also navigating an unavoidable transitional phase. In particular, during times of political turmoil, public dissatisfaction with judicial decisions and roles tends to mount, amplifying citizens' demands for judicial reform.
Sentencing is not a decision based solely on the outcome of an act. It is a highly sophisticated task that combines human emotion, motives, social values, legal reasoning, moral intuition, and a deep understanding of humanity. As such, AI is still far from being capable of replacing human judges.

However, some countries have already introduced AI as a judicial support system. In the U.S. state of Wisconsin, an algorithm called COMPAS (Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions) is used to predict the likelihood of recidivism and serves as a reference for sentencing. Developed by Northpointe (now owned and operated by Equivant) in 1998, this system inputs data such as a criminal’s prior convictions, education level, employment status, drug abuse history, age, and residence to output a recidivism risk score. It calculates three specific scores: △ General Recidivism Risk (65% accuracy), △ Violent Recidivism Risk (20% accuracy), and △ Pretrial Release Risk.

Scores range from 1 to 10, with higher scores indicating a greater risk of reoffending. However, a 2016 investigation by ProPublica revealed that COMPAS tends to disproportionately assess Black defendants as high-risk compared to White defendants. Although the programming language used to build COMPAS has never been publicly released, considering the development environment in 1998, it is speculated to have been built using languages such as Python, C++, or Java.

In this manner, programs designed to alleviate the workload of judges and ensure objective rulings are being developed in the legal sector, and I believe many undisclosed systems are currently under construction.
There is also a country that has introduced AI to conduct small claims civil trials: Estonia. With a population of 1.37 million (as of 2025), Estonia is one of the smaller nations in Europe, yet it boasts a nominal GDP per capita of approximately $31,855, ranking 37th globally. Like South Korea, Estonia is a powerhouse in the IT sector. Its government has proactively built an e-government system and introduced AI to enhance administrative efficiency and transparency.

Led by Ott Velsberg, the government's Chief Data Officer, Estonia has been piloting an AI-based adjudication system for small claims disputes since 2023. For lawsuits involving less than €7,000, AI analyzes the case and issues an automatic verdict. If a party is dissatisfied with the AI’s decision, they can appeal to a human judge.

Estonia is not alone. China, Singapore, the UK, France, Canada, Brazil, India, Israel, and Japan are also introducing and operating AI in their legal systems. While South Korea is also adopting AI in the legal field, it is being done in a significantly more closed and restrictive manner compared to other nations. In fact, it could be argued that Korea is falling behind. In 2022, the Korean Bar Association imposed disciplinary fines of up to 3 million won on nine lawyers who signed up for the legal platform 'LawTalk.' It was only in 2025, after years of conflict and a three-year delay, that the legitimacy of LawTalk was finally recognized.

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