difference between abstract class and abstract method

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certainly! let's dive into the concepts of abstract classes and abstract methods in object-oriented programming, particularly in python, which is a common language for these concepts.

abstract class

an *abstract class* is a class that cannot be instantiated on its own and is designed to be a base class for other classes. it allows you to define methods that must be created within any child classes built from the abstract class. this is useful for defining a common interface for a group of related classes.

abstract method

an *abstract method* is a method that is declared in an abstract class but contains no implementation. subclasses that derive from the abstract class must implement the abstract method. if a subclass does not implement the abstract method, it also becomes an abstract class and cannot be instantiated.

python implementation

in python, we can create abstract classes and methods using the `abc` module (abstract base classes). here's how you can do it:

1. **import the `abc` and `abstractmethod` decorators from the `abc` module**.
2. **define an abstract class by inheriting from `abc`**.
3. **declare abstract methods using the `@abstractmethod` decorator**.

example code

here's an example that illustrates the difference between an abstract class and an abstract method:



explanation of the code

1. **abstract class**: `shape` is an abstract class that defines two abstract methods: `area` and `perimeter`. this means that any subclass of `shape` must implement these methods.

2. **abstract methods**: the `area` and `perimeter` methods are marked with the `@abstractmethod` decorator, indicating that they must be overridden in any subclass.

3. **concrete subclasses**: `rectangle` and `circle` are concrete subclasses of `shape`. they implement the `area` and `perimeter` methods, thereby providing concrete functionality.

4. **instantiation**: the line `shape = shape()` is commented out because attempting to instantiate the abstract class `sh ...

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