On August 21, 1831, enslaved preacher Nat Turner led the deadliest slave rebellion in U.S. history in Southampton County, Virginia. Born October 2, 1800, Turner taught himself to read, became a Baptist preacher, and believed God called him to lead his people to freedom. After a solar eclipse in February 1831—which Turner saw as a Black hand over the sun—he gathered four trusted men: Henry, Hark, Nelson, and Sam. They originally planned the revolt for July 4 (Independence Day), but illness delayed it. On August 13, when the sun turned bluish-green from volcanic ash, Turner saw another divine sign. Eight days later, approximately 60 rebels killed 55 white people across Southampton County in less than 48 hours—making it the deadliest slave revolt for whites in U.S. history. The response was brutal: 3,000 soldiers and militia killed 100-120 Black people in retaliation, many uninvolved. Authorities tortured Turner's wife Cherry to find him. Turner hid for 10 weeks under a fallen tree before capture. He was executed November 11, 1831—his body dissected, flayed, and skin made into souvenir purses. The rebellion shattered the Southern myth that enslaved people were content. Virginia nearly passed gradual emancipation but instead imposed harsher restrictions. Turner proved freedom was worth dying for—30 years before the Civil War.
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