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A balloon or plastic bag containing a volume of water can withstand direct exposure to a flame without rupturing due to the thermal properties and heat transfer mechanisms involved. The water inside the balloon absorbs thermal energy from the rubber surface, preventing the temperature of the balloon material from exceeding its thermal degradation point. Concurrently, convection currents within the water facilitate the upward movement of heated fluid, while cooler water descends to replace it, effectively distributing and dissipating heat throughout the liquid volume. This convective heat transfer maintains a relatively uniform temperature within the balloon’s interior, thereby protecting the elastic membrane from localized overheating and failure. This phenomenon illustrates the critical role of phase change materials and convective heat transfer in thermal regulation of flexible containers exposed to high temperatures.

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